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āĻĒ্āϞāϟুāύ āĻŦ্āϰিāϜেāϰ āύিāĻ•ুāĻž্āϜ āĻŽোāĻšāύ

āĻŦাংāϞাāϝ় āĻ—āĻ™্āĻ—া āύāĻĻীāϰ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻ­াāϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĒ্āϞāϟুāύ āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ 1874 āϏাāϞে āϚাāϞু āĻšāϝ়। āĻŽāϞ্āϞিāĻ• āϘাāϟ āĻĒাāĻŽ্āĻĒিং āϏ্āϟেāĻļāύেāϰ āĻĄাāϝ়āύাāĻŽো āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻĒāύ্āϟāύ āĻŦ্āϰিāϜে āĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝুāϤেāϰ āφāϞো āφāϏāϤে āϤāĻ–āύো āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĒাঁāϚ āĻĻেāϰি। āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়া āĻŦ্āϰিāϜে āϝাāϤাāϝ়াāϤেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϟোāϞ āφāĻĻাāϝ় āĻ•āϰāϤো āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰāϏ।  āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϰিāϜেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে  āϟোāϞ āĻ…āĻĢিāϏ āĻ›িāϞ। āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ āĻĒাāĻšাāϰা āĻ“ āφāχāύ āĻļৃāĻ™্āĻ–āϞাāϰ āĻĻাāϝ়িāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ›িāϞ āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļেāϰ।  āϏেāĻ–াāύে āϟোāϞ āύিāϤ āϟোāϞ āĻŦাāĻŦু āύিāĻ•ুāĻž্āϜ āĻŽোāĻšāύ āĻŦāϏু āφāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰাāϞ āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻŽোāĻšাāĻŽ্āĻŽāĻĻ āφāϞী। 

āĻāĻĒ্āϰিāϞ āĻŽাāϏেāϰ ā§§ āϤাāϰিāĻ– । āϏāĻŽāϝ়āϟা ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§­। āϤāĻ–āύ āĻŦিāĻ•াāϞ ā§Ģāϟা। āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়াāϝ় āϏ্āϟেāĻļāύেāϰ āĻŽাāĻĨাāϝ় āĻ…āϏ্āϤāĻ—াāĻŽী āϏূāϰ্āϝ āϞাāϞ āϰং āĻĸেāϞে āĻĻিāϚ্āĻ›ে। āĻŦ্āϰিāϜেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āϞোāĻ•āϜāύ āϏেāϰāĻ•āĻŽ āύেāχ। āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻĸিāϞে āĻĸাāϞা āĻ­াāĻŦ। āĻ িāĻ• āĻāĻŽāύ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻĻ্āϰুāϤāĻ—াāĻŽী āĻĄāĻ— āĻ•াāϰ্āϟ āϟোāϞ āύা āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āϚāϞāϞ āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়াāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে। āĻ•াāϰ্āϟ āĻāϰ āϏাāĻŽāύে āϏāĻšিāϏ āφāϰ āĻĒিāĻ›āύে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ• āĻ“ āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāĻŽāĻšিāϞা  āĻšাāϏি āĻ াāϟ্āϟাāϝ় āĻŽāϤ্āϤ।  āύিāĻ•ুāĻž্āϜ āϚেāϚিāϝ়ে āωāĻ āϞো, āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰাāϞ āφāϞীāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞāϞ āϟোāϞ āφāĻĻাāϝ়েāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা। āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļেāϰ āĻ•āύāϏ্āϟেāĻŦāϞ āϏেāχ āĻ—াāĻĄ়িāϰ āĻĒেāĻ›āύে āĻĻৌāĻĄ়āϤে āϞাāĻ—āϞ, āĻ—াāĻĄ়ি āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĨাāĻŽāϞ āύা।  āĻšাāϏিāϰ āĻŦেāĻ—েāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ—াāĻĄ়িāϰ āĻŦেāĻ— āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻĄ়āϞো।  āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰাāϞ āĻ“ āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļেāϰ āĻ•āύāϏ্āϟেāĻŦāϞ āϤো āĻ›াāĻĄ়াāϰ āĻĒাāϤ্āϰ āύāϝ়, āϤাāϰাāĻ“ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻš্āϝাāĻ•āύি āĻ•্āϝাāϰেāϜ āϧāϰে āύিāϝ়ে āϏেāχ āĻĄāĻ— āĻ•াāϰ্āϟ āĻāϰ āĻĒেāĻ›āύে āϧাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻ•āϰāϞ। āϧাāĻ“āϝ়া āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒৌāĻ›ে āĻ—েāϞ   āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻĻু āĻŽাāχāϞ āĻĻূāϰেāϰ āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়া āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āϏ্āϟেāĻļāύেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে । āĻ•āύāϏ্āϟেāĻŦāϞ āĻĄāĻ— āĻ•াāϰ্āϟ āϟিāĻ•ে āϧāϰে āφāϟāĻ•াāϞ āφāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰাāϞ āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়া āĻĒুāϞিāĻļেāϰ āχāύ্āϏāĻĒেāĻ•্āϟāϰ āĻŽিāϏ্āϟাāϰ āĻĄāĻŦāϏāύেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ—েāϞ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ। āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ• āϤাāϰ āĻ•েāύāϏ্āϟিāĻ• āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰাāϞ āφāϞী āĻ•ে āĻŽাāϰāϧāϰ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ—াāĻĄ়ি āĻ›াāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āύিāϞেāύ।

āĻ­াāϏāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāϞ্āϟāύ āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়া āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ। āĻ›āĻŦি āχāύ্āϟাāϰāύেāϟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে।

āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āϏেāχ āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ• āϤাāϰ āĻ—াāĻĄ়ি āϘুāϰিāϝ়ে āύিāϝ়ে āφāĻŦাāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϚāϞāϞেāύ। āĻŦ্āϰীāϜ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাāϰ āĻ—াāĻĄ়িāϰ āϏāĻšিāϏ āĻ•ে āφāϟāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϞো।  āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϚāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ–াāĻĒ্āĻĒা āĻšāϝ়ে āωāĻ āϞেāύ, āφāϰ  āϘāϟāύাāϚāĻ•্āϰে āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻŦ্āϰিāϜেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āωāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļেāϰ āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāύ্āĻĄেāύ্āϟ। āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ• āĻ…āϤিāĻļāϝ় āϰাāĻ—াāύ্āĻŦিāϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāύ্āĻĄেāύ্āϟāĻāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ—েāϞেāύ। āϤাāϰ āϰাāĻ—েāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ, āĻ•েāύ āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āϤাāϰ āĻ—াāĻĄ়িāϰ āĻĒেāĻ›āύে āĻĻৌāĻĄ়েāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰ āϏāĻšিāϏāĻ•ে āφāϟāĻ• āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে। āϏুāĻĒাāϰিāύ্āĻĄেāύ্āϟ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞāϞেāύ, āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āϟোāϞ āφāĻĻাāϝ় āĻ•āϰে āύা, āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āϟোāϞ āĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϝাāϤে āĻ•েāω āϟোāϞ āύা āĻĻিāϝ়ে āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে āϏেāϟা āĻĻেāĻ–াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ• āϤো āĻļোāύāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒাāϤ্āϰ āύāύ। āϤিāύি āϤাāϰ  āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϏāĻšāϝাāϤ্āϰীāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟা āϟিāĻ•্āĻ•া āĻ—াāĻĄ়ি āĻ­াāĻĄ়া āĻ•āϰে āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϝ় āĻĒাāĻ িāϝ়ে āĻĻিāϞেāύ। āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻļাāϏাāϞেāύ, āϜাāύো āφāĻŽি āĻ•ে? āφāĻŽি āĻŦেāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āĻ—āĻ­āϰ্āύāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻāϰ  āϏেāĻ•্āϰেāϟাāϰিāϰ āĻ­াāχ । āφāĻŽি āĻāĻĻেāϰ āϚাāĻ•āϰি āĻ–াāĻŦāχ। āφāĻŽি āĻāĻ•্āώুāύি āĻŽ্āϝাāϜিāϏ্āϟ্āϰেāϟেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে  āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ•āϰāĻŦ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āύিāϝ়েāχ āφāĻŽি āĻ›াāĻĄ়āĻŦো। āϝাāχ āĻšোāĻ• āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰাāϞ āϤো āϏেāχ āχংāϰেāϜ āĻ­āĻĻ্āϰāϞোāĻ•েāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āϧাāϰা ā§Šā§Ģā§Š āφāχāĻĒিāϏি āĻāĻŦং āϧাāϰা ⧍⧝, āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়া āĻŦ্āϰিāϜ āφāχāύ, ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§§ āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āĻ…āĻ­িāϝোāĻ— āϜাāύাāϞেāύ। āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĻিāύāχ āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়াāϝ় āĻŽ্āϝাāϜিāϏ্āϟ্āϰেāϟ  āĻāĻĢ āĻāχāϚ āĻĒেāϞāχāω āĻāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ•েāϏāϟা āωāĻ āϞো ।

(āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĒোāϏ্āϟে)

Sep 28, 2022

Champatala Ghat

Beyond Rathtala Ghat, a little further north along Stand Bank Road, Champatla Ghat (Lat 22.600326, Long 88.358856) is situated. There are no Champa trees here.  You will see a one-storied ghat pavilion (22 feet by 13 feet) under banyan trees alongwith stone stairs towards the river. Ghat pavilion has three arches in road front and in river side both. One arched window at the north and south side. Except the gate of ghat entrance, the rest of the pavilion is not visible from Stand Bank Road because of a tea shop and a barber shop either side. Stone steps lead straight down to the river. Ghat pavilion of Champatala Ghat is a Grade 1 heritage structure as per Kolkata Municipal Corporation's gradation list.1 The ghat is known for ladies use.

Chapatala Ghat Riverside
Chapatala Ghat Frontside

What naturally comes in our mind that 'Champatala' is under the Champa or Champak tree. Many people say that there was a Champak tree or Champa tree here and hence the name of this Ghat is Champatla Ghat. Mr. Asit Das wrote in ‘Sangbad Pratidin’ magazine 'Robbar' that Champatla Ghat in North Calcutta, or the place called Champatla in Central Calcutta (opposite Medical College), 'Champa' not Champa tree here. The word 'Champa' dialects descended from 'Champ'. 'Champ' means bow. Before the Mughals and the British, the Byadhs and Nishads (primitive race) were in good numbers in ancient Calcutta. The bow and arrow was their weapon of daily use. Champatla Ghat or Champatla region had bow and arrow business. 2


Chapatala Ghat




Manik Bose Ghat/ Dutta Babur Ghat

If we look at the old maps we find that this ghat is not mentioned in Apjon's map of 1794. Chapman and Hall's map published from London in 1842 mentioned this ghat. Upon representation received from the local residents in 1903, the Calcutta Port Commissioner renovated the Champatala Ghat and built a paved staircase and in 1905 its second flight was constructed at a cost of Rs.1124.3 But there was no pavilion as shown in 1842 map; Simms, Frederick Walter’s map of 1857 and Smart map of 1909-10. So the question remains who built this ghat pavilion and when. Moreover the architectural design and style of Champatala Ghat’s pavilion and Manik Bose/ Dutta Babu's ghat pavilion almost same. Champatla Ghat as delineated in the Smart Map of 1909-10 is located a little north of Banmali Sarkar Street crossing. Although there are paved steps up to 70 meters north of the present Champatla Ghat pavilion and  is known as Champatla Ghat.

By 1877, before the riverside land was acquired by the Calcutta Port Commissioners for the construction of Stand Bank Road, private owners of ghats used to levy tolls for loading and unloading of boat traffic. Heavy Boat traffic was   mainly in Chapatala Ghat to Ahiritola Ghat stretch.4

According to Act V of 1870, ‘A. Mackenzie’, Secretary to the Government of Bengal, issued a circular in 1880 of official bathing ghats and landing stages of Calcutta and Howrah. Chapatala Ghat is officially referred here as Bathing Ghat.


Bengali Verson:

āϰāĻĨāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ āĻ›াāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āϏ্āϟ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ• āϰোāĻĄ āϧāϰে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āωāϤ্āϤāϰে āĻāĻ—ুāϞেāχ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ (āĻ…ঃ ⧍⧍.ā§Ŧā§Ļā§Ļā§Šā§¨ā§Ŧ, āĻĻ্āϰাঃ ā§Žā§Ž.ā§Šā§Ģā§Žā§Žā§Ģā§Ŧ)। āĻ•োāύ āϚাঁāĻĒা āĻ—াāĻ› āĻāĻ–াāύে āύেāχ, āĻŦāϟāĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āϤāϞাāϝ় āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϤāϞা āĻĒাāĻ•া āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻĒ ( ⧍⧍ āĻĢুāϟ āĻŦাāχ ā§§ā§Š āĻĢুāϟ )। āϏাāĻŽāύে āĻ“ āύāĻĻীāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϤিāύāϟি āφāϰ্āϚ āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ। āωāϤ্āϤāϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•āϰে āφāϰ্āϚ āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ āϜাāύāϞা । āϏ্āϟ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ  āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ• āϰোāĻĄেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻĒāĻĨāϟি āĻ›া⧜া āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻĒেāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•ি āĻ…ংāĻļāϟি āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝা⧟ āύা, āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϚাāϝ়েāϰ āĻĻোāĻ•াāύ āφāϰ āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•্āώৌāϰ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽেāϰ āĻĻোāĻ•াāύ । āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻŦাঁāϧাāύো āϏিঁ⧜ি āϏোāϜা āύāĻĻীāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āύেāĻŽে āĻ—েāĻ›ে । āϘাāϟেāϰ āωāϞ্āϟোāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦāύāĻŽাāϞী āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϏ্āϟ্āϰিāϟ āĻ†ā§œাāĻ†ā§œি āĻ­াāĻŦে āφāϧুāύা āϚāĻ•্āϰ āϰেāϞ āϞাāχāύে āĻāϏে āĻŽিāĻļেāĻ›ে।  āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা āĻ•āϰ্āĻĒোāϰেāĻļāύেāϰ āĻšেāϰিāϟেāϜ āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰেāϰ āϤাāϞিāĻ•া āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻĒāϟি āĻ—্āϰেāĻĄ āĻ“āϝ়াāύ āĻšেāϰিāϟেāϜ āϏ্āϟ্āϰাāĻ•āϚাāϰ।ā§§ āϘাāϟāϟি āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻিāĻ—েāϰ āϏ্āύাāύ āϘাāϟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ। 

āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ•োāύ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āϝেāϟা āĻŽāύে āφāϏে āϚাঁāĻĒা āĻŦা āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ• āĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āϤāϞা। āĻ…āύেāĻ•ে āĻŦāϞেāύ āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻ• āĻ—াāĻ› āĻŦা āϚাāĻĒা āĻ—াāĻ› āĻ›িāϞ āϤাāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻāχ āϘাāϟেāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ। āϏংāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĻিāύ āĻ•্āϰো⧜āĻĒāϤ্āϰিāĻ•া ‘āϰোāĻŦāĻŦাāϰ’-āĻ āĻļ্āϰী āĻ…āϏিāϤ āĻĻাāϏ āϞিāĻ–েāĻ›েāύ “āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟāχ āĻŦāϞুāύ, āĻŽāϧ্āϝ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āύাāĻŽāĻ• āϜা⧟āĻ—াāϟিāϰ (āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•েāϞ āĻ•āϞেāϜেāϰ āωāϞ্āϟোāĻĻিāĻ•ে) āĻ•āĻĨাāχ āĻŦāϞুāύ, ‘āϚাঁāĻĒা’ āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāĻ–াāύে āϚাঁāĻĒাāĻ—াāĻ› āύ⧟। ‘āϚাঁāĻĒা’ āĻāϏেāĻ›ে ‘āϚাঁāĻĒ’ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻ­্āϰংāĻļ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে । ‘āϚাāĻĒ’ āĻŽাāύে āϧāύুāĻ•। āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāύ āĻ…āϰāĻŖ্āϝāϏংāĻ•ুāϞ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা⧟ āĻŽুāϘāϞ āĻ“ āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻŦ্āϝাāϧ āĻ“ āύিāώাāĻĻāϰা āĻŦāĻšাāϞ āϤāĻŦি⧟āϤে āĻ›িāϞ। āϤিāϰāϧāύুāĻ• āĻ›িāϞ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āύিāϤ্āϝāĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ্āϝ āĻ…āϏ্āϤ্āϰ। āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ āĻŦা āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞে āϤিāϰāϧāύুāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŦাāϰ āĻ›িāϞ। “ ā§¨

āφāĻŽāϰা āϝāĻĻি āĻĒুāϰāύো āĻŽাāύāϚিāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϤাāĻ•াāχ āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĻেāĻ–āϤে āĻĒাāχ ‘āφāĻĒāϜāύেāϰ’ ⧧⧭⧝ā§Ē āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽাāύāϚিāϤ্āϰে āĻāχ āϘাāϟেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āύেāχ । ā§§ā§Žā§Ē⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ ‘āϚাāĻĒāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻ“ āĻšāϞেāϰ’ āϞāύ্āĻĄāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļিāϤ āĻŽাāύāϚিāϤ্āϰে āĻāχ āϘাāϟেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻĒাāχ। ā§§ā§Ļāχ āϜুāύ ⧧⧝ā§Ļ⧍ āϏাāϞে āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ āĻāĻ• āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰ āĻŦাāĻŦু āĻŽুāϰাāϞি āϧāϰ  āϰ⧟ āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ­াāχāϏ āϚে⧟াāϰāĻŽ্āϝাāύ āĻ•ে āϜাāύাāύ āϝে āϰāĻĨāϤāϞা āĻ“ āĻ•ুāĻŽোāϰāϟুāϞি āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻŦāϰ্āϤী āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟেāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ। āϝেāϟিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āĻ–াāϰাāĻĒ। āĻĒāϰে  āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āĻ…āϧিāĻŦাāϏীāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦে ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Š āϏাāϞে āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟেāϰ āϏংāϏ্āĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻĒাāĻ•া āϏিঁ⧜ি āĻŦাāύিāϝ়ে āĻĻেāύ āĻāĻŦং 1905 āϏাāϞে āĻāϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āϧাāĻĒāϟি āĻŦাāύাāύ ⧧⧧⧍ā§Ē āϟাāĻ•া āĻ–āϰāϚ āĻ•āϰে।ā§Š āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻāχ āϘাāϟেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•োāύ āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻĒ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏাāϞেāϰ Simms, Frederick Walter āĻŽ্āϝাāĻĒে āύেāχ āĻ“ ⧧⧝ā§Ļ⧝-ā§§ā§Ļ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏ্āĻŽাāϰ্āϟ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻĒেāĻ“ āύেāχ। āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝা⧟ āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻĒāϟি āĻ•ে āĻ•āĻŦে āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞ। āϤāĻŦে āĻāĻ–াāύে āϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻŦিāĻļ⧟ āĻšāϞ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻŽāύ্āĻĄāĻĒ āĻ“ āĻŽাāύিāĻ• āĻŦোāϏ āĻ“āϰāĻĢে āĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻŦাāĻŦুāϰ āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻŽāύ্āĻĄāĻĒ āĻĻুāϟিāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻļৈāϞী āĻ“ āύāĻ•āĻļা āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āϏāĻŽাāύ। ⧧⧝ā§Ļ⧝-ā§§ā§Ļ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϏ্āĻŽাāϰ্āϟ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻĒে āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ āĻŦāϞে āϝেāϟি āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āφāĻ›ে āϏেāϟিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻŦāύāĻŽাāϞী āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϏ্āϟ্āϰিāϟ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āωāϤ্āϤāϰে। āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻŽāĻŖ্āĻĄāĻĒāϟি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ā§­ā§Ļ āĻŽিāϟাāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϧি āĻĒাāĻ•া āϏিঁ⧜ি āφāĻ›ে āĻ“ āĻĒুāϰোāϟাāχ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ। 

ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§­ āϏাāϞ āύাāĻ—াāĻĻ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰ āϏ্āϟ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻŦ্āϝাংāĻ• āϰোāĻĄ āϤৈāϰিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϜāĻŽি āĻ…āϧিāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ—āĻ™্āĻ—াāϰ āϧাāϰেāϰ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āϘাāϟāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āύৌāĻ•া āĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻŽাāϞāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ“āĻ াāύো āύাāĻŽাāύোāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϟোāϞ āφāĻĻা⧟ āĻ•āϰāϤ āϘাāϟেāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•āĻ—āύ। āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āφāĻšিāϰিāϟোāϞা āϘাāϟ āĻāχ āĻ…ংāĻļেāχ āύৌāĻ•া āĻŦাāĻšিāϤ āĻŽাāϞāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āĻ“āĻ াāύো āύাāĻŽাāύোāϰ āĻ•াāϜ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻšāϤ । ā§Ē

āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•্āϟ V ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ļ āĻ…āύুāϝাāϝ়ী āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϏেāĻ•্āϰেāϟাāϰি ‘āĻ āĻŽাāĻ•েāĻž্āϜী’  āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āĻ“ āĻšাāĻ“āĻĄ়াāϰ āϜāύāϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ্āϝ āϏ্āύাāύ āϘাāϟ āĻāĻŦং āϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄিং āϏ্āϟেāϜেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāϜ্āĻžāĻĒ্āϤি āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰেāύ ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ļ āϏাāϞে । āϤাāϤে āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰিāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻāχ āϚাঁāĻĒাāϤāϞা āϘাāϟ āĻ•ে āϏ্āύাāύ āϘাāϟ āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে  āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। 


Information Source:

1. Gradation list of Heritage Structure from KMC website.

2. āĻ…āϏিāϤ āĻĻাāϏ। āϏংāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĻিāύ āĻ•্āϰো⧜āĻĒāϤ্āϰিāĻ•া āϰোāĻŦāĻŦাāϰ (ā§Š/āĻĄিāϏেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ/⧍ā§Ļā§§ā§­)। āύেāĻŽāĻĒ্āϞেāϟ। āĻŽুāϰāĻ—িāĻšাāϟা।

3. Commissioner for the port of Calcutta Resolution Vol 39 Oct 1905- Mar 1906

4. Commissioner for the port of Calcutta Resolution 5th June 1871, 3rd Nov 1902.





Jul 10, 2022

āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āĻĒঁāϚাāϤ্āϤāϰঃ āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āύাāϰীāϜাāϤিāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻাāύ

 āĻ­াāϰāϤীāϝ় āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻ›িāϞ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϧাāϰাāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ• āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āϝাāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–্āϝ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝ āĻ›িāϞ āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώেāϰ āĻŽাāϟি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āϏাāĻŽ্āϰাāϜ্āϝেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏাāύ।āĻāχ āϧাāϰাāĻŦাāĻšিāĻ•āϤা āĻŦāϜা⧟ āĻ›িāϞ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ⧧⧝ā§Ēā§­ āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ 90 āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϧāϰে। āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻŽাāύুāώেāϰ āϰāĻ•্āϤāĻ•্āώ⧟ী āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāϞিāĻĻাāύেāϰ āĻŦিāύিāĻŽā§Ÿে āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āĻĒে⧟েāĻ›িāϞ āĻĒāϰাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāύে āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āϝোāĻ—্āϝāϤা, āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻĻāĻ•্āώāϤা āύি⧟ে āϏāύ্āĻĻেāĻš āĻ›িāϞ। āĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āύাāϰীāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāύ āĻĻেāĻļ āĻŽাāϤৃāĻ•াāϰ āĻŽুāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āϤাঁāϰা āĻ•োāύāĻ“ āĻ…ংāĻļে āĻ•āĻŽ āύāύ। āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻ িāĻ• āϤāϤāϟাāχ āϤাāĻĻেāϰāĻ“ āϝāϤāϟা āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻĻেāϰ। āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ…āϧিāĻ•াংāĻļ āĻ­াāϰāϤীāϝ় āĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻ•াāϰাāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āύাāϰীāϰা āϏাāĻŽāύে āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āĻāϏে āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāĻ•ে āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĻি⧟েāĻ›েāύ, āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āύিāϝ়ে āĻ—েāĻ›েāύ। āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ āϏāĻŽাāϜে āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻāχ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤাāϰ āϞ⧜াāχāϟা āĻ›িāϞ āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻ“ āĻāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒুāϰāĻ•। āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻ›িāϞ āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āĻŦিāϰোāϧী  āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻ“ āĻ…āύ্āϝāϟা āĻ›িāϞ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ āϏāĻŽাāϜে āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āϏাāĻŽāĻ—্āϰিāĻ• āωāύ্āύ⧟āύেāϰ āϞ⧜াāχ।

āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϟি āύাāϰী āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰেāϰ āύাāĻŽ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻ•āϰāϤেāχ āĻšāϝ় āϤāĻŦে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽেāχ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে āĻাঁāϏিāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāϰাāύী āϞāĻ•্āώ্āĻŽীāĻŦাāψেāϰ (ā§§ā§Žā§¨ā§Ž-ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ž) āύাāĻŽ। āϝিāύি ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϰোāĻšে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ­ুāĻŽিāĻ•া āύি⧟েāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻ“ āϝাāϰ āϏাāĻšāϏিāĻ•āϤাāϰ āĻ•াāĻšিāύি āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻšā§Ÿে āωāĻ েāĻ›িāϞ āφāĻĒাāĻŽāϰ āϜাāϤী⧟āϤাāĻŦাāĻĻীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে। āĻ…āϝোāϧ্āϝাāϰ āύāĻŦাāĻŦ āĻ“ā§ŸাāϜিāĻĻ āφāϞিāϰ āĻŦেāĻ—āĻŽ āĻšāϝāϰāϤ āĻŽāĻšāϞ (ā§§ā§Žā§¨ā§Ļ-ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§¯) ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§­ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŽāĻšাāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϰোāĻšে āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĻেāύ। āĻ…্āϝাāύি āĻŦেāϏāύ্āϟ (ā§§ā§Žā§Ēā§­-ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Š), āϏāϰোāϜিāύী āύাāχāĻĄু (ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§¯-⧧⧝ā§Ē⧝), āĻ•āϏ্āϤুāϰāĻŦা āĻ—াāύ্āϧী (1869-1944), āĻŽাāϤāĻ™্āĻ—িāύী āĻšাāϜāϰা (ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ļ-⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍),āĻ…āϰুāύা āφāϏāĻĢ āφāϞি (⧧⧝ā§Ļ⧝-⧧⧝⧝ā§Ŧ) āĻĒ্āϰীāϤিāϞāϤা āĻ“ā§ŸাāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻĻাāϰ (⧧⧝⧧⧧-ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§¨) āĻšāϞেāύ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āϚিāϰ āωāϜ্āϜ্āĻŦāϞ āύাāϰী āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϜāύ।

āĻĻেāĻļে āĻĻেāĻļে āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻ…āĻšিংāϏ āĻ“ āϏāĻšিংāϏ āϧাāϰা⧟ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻāϏেāĻ›ে । āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώেāĻ“ āϤাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϤিāĻ•্āϰāĻŽ āĻšā§Ÿ āύি। āϜাāϤীāϝ় āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āϚাāϰ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āĻĒāϰে ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§¯ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŦাā§ŽāϏāϰিāĻ• āϏāĻ­া⧟ ā§§ā§ĻāϜāύ āύাāϰী āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। 1890 āϏাāϞে āωāĻĒāύ্āϝাāϏিāĻ• āϏ্āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖāĻ•ুāĻŽাāϰী āϘোāώাāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āĻļাāϏāύাāϧীāύ āĻ­াāϰāϤে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻ āĻĄিāĻ—্āϰিāϧাāϰী āĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻĄাāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āĻ•াāĻĻāĻŽ্āĻŦিāύী āĻ—াāĻ™্āĻ—ুāϞী āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧি  āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϜাāϤীāϝ় āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏে āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āύাāϰীāϰা āϜাāϤীāϝ় āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ• āϏāĻ­া⧟ āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧি āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻĒāϰ্āϝāĻŦেāĻ•্āώāĻ• āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ।  ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ģ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻŦāĻ™্āĻ—āĻ­āĻ™্āĻ— āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে, āĻŦাংāϞাāϝ় āϏ্āĻŦāĻĻেāĻļী āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύে āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļি āĻĻ্āϰāĻŦ্āϝ āĻŦāϰ্āϜāύে āϤাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώ āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ।

āĻŦিংāĻļ āĻļāϤাāĻŦ্āĻĻীāϰ āϏূāϚāύাāϰ āϏāĻšিংāϏ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦেāϰ āĻĒāĻĻāϧ্āĻŦāύি āĻļুāύāϤে āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝেāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•ে। āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ­āĻ—িāύি āύিāĻŦেāĻĻিāϤা āĻ“ āϏāϰāϞাāĻĻেāĻŦী āϚৌāϧুāϰী āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϏংāĻ—āĻ āύāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ— āϰাāĻ–āϞেāĻ“ āϏাāϧাāϰāύāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŽে⧟েāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϏāĻŦ āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĻূāϰে āϰাāĻ–া āĻšāϤ। āύাāϰীāϰা āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻ…āϏ্āϤ্āϰ āϞুāĻ•িāϝ়ে, āĻ•āĻ–āύো āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽা āĻŦোāύ āϏ্āϤ্āϰী āĻšিāϏেāĻŦে āĻ…āĻ­িāύ⧟ āĻ•āϰে, āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻĄ়াāϞ āĻ•āϰে, āφāĻļ্āϰāϝ় āĻĻিāϝ়ে, āĻ•āĻ–āύো āϚিāĻ ি āĻĒāϤ্āϰেāϰ āφāĻĻাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে, āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻĻেāĻļāĻŽাāϤৃāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•াāϜে āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϰ āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻĻেāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏাāĻš āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦেāϰ āĻ•াāϜে āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤেāύ। āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ­ুāĻŽিāĻ•া āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āĻļাāϏāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āĻ…āϜ্āĻžাāϤāχ āĻ›িāϞ। āĻāĻĒ্āϰāϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ– āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšā§Ÿ āĻĻুāĻ•ā§œিāĻŦাāϞা āĻĻেāĻŦীāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা। ⧧⧝⧧ā§Ē āϏাāϞেāϰ ⧍ā§ŦāϏে āĻ…āĻ—াāϏ্āϟ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦীāϰা āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āϰāĻĄা āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻĒাāύিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ ā§Ģā§Ļāϟি āϜাāϰ্āĻŽাāύ āĻĒিāϏ্āϤāϞ āĻ“ āĻ•াāϰ্āϤুāϜ āϞুāϟ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϏেāχ āϞুāϟ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ…āϏ্āϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļিāϰāĻ­াāĻ— āϞুāĻ•ি⧟ে āϰাāĻ–াāϰ āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦ āύেāύ āĻŦীāϰāĻ­ূāĻŽেāϰ āĻĻুāĻ•ā§œিāĻŦাāϞা āĻĻেāĻŦী। āĻāχ āĻ…āĻĒāϰাāϧে āĻĻুāχ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āϜেāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤাঁāϰ।

āĻ…্āϝাāύি āĻŦেāϏāύ্āϟ, āϏāϰোāϜিāύী āύাāχāĻĄু āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāĻĻ্āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āĻ…্āϝাāύি āĻŦেāϏāύ্āϟ āϜāύ্āĻŽāϏুāϤ্āϰে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļি āĻšā§ŸেāĻ“  āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। ⧧⧝⧧⧭ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āϜাāϤী⧟ āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏেāϰ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা āĻ…āϧিāĻŦেāĻļāύে  āϤিāύিāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻĒ্āϰেāϏিāĻĄেāύ্āϟ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻ“ āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ“ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāĻ•ে āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āύিāϝ়ে āĻ—িāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ। ⧧⧝⧧ā§Ģ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§Ž āĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϏāϰোāϜিāύী āύাāχāĻĄু āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻেāĻļে āĻ—ি⧟ে āϏāĻŽাāϜāĻ•āϞ্āϝাāĻŖ, āύাāϰীāĻŽুāĻ•্āϤি āĻ“ āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āϜাāϤী⧟āϤাāĻŦাāĻĻ āύি⧟ে āĻŦāĻ•্āϤৃāϤা āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰে āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰেāύ। ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ģ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏ āĻ…āϧিāĻŦেāĻļāύেāϰ āϏāĻ­াāĻĒāϤি āĻŽāύোāύীāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻ–িāϞাāĻĢāϤ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ, āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āĻĒāĻ•্āώে āϏāĻ“āϝ়াāϞ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āϝাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ•াāϰাāĻŦāϰāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ।

āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϜী āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϏāĻ­া āϏāĻŽিāϤিāϤে āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। ⧧⧝⧧⧭ āϏাāϞে āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώেāϰ āĻŽাāϟিāϤে āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϜীāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻ›িāϞ āϚāĻŽ্āĻĒাāϰāύ āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āϏেāĻ–াāύে ⧍ā§Ģ āϜāύ āϏ্āĻŦেāϚ্āĻ›াāϏেāĻŦী āĻŽāϧ্āϝে ⧧⧍ āϜāύāχ āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা। āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻ•āϰ্āώিāϤ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞ āϧāϰ্āĻŽ āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖ āϏাāĻŽাāϜিāĻ• āĻ…āϏাāĻŽ্āϝāϤা āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āĻŦিāϚাāϰ āĻāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āϞ⧜াāχেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ।

āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāϝুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻļেāώ āĻšāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ āĻĒāϰে āϏ্āĻŦāϰাāϜ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āĻĄাāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšā§Ÿ।  āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ ⧧⧝⧧⧝ āϏাāϞে āϰাāĻ“āϞাāϟ āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•্āϟ āĻĒাāĻļ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧী āĻŦিāĻ•্āώোāĻ­ āĻĻেāĻ–াāύো āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻে⧟। āϤাāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে ā§Ŧ-āχ āĻāĻĒ্āϰিāϞ āĻ—োāϟা āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώে āϏাāϧাāϰāύ āϧāϰ্āĻŽāϘāϟ āĻĄাāĻ•া āĻšāϝ়। āϏেāχ āĻĻিāύ āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϜী āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϜাāϤি āϧāϰ্āĻŽ  āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖ āύিāϰ্āĻŦিāĻļেāώে āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āφāĻš্āĻŦাāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ āϰাāĻ“āϞাāϟ āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•্āϟ āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ। āϤাāϰ āĻ িāĻ• āĻāĻ• āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻšেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻļাāύ্āϤিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻŦিāĻ•্āώোāĻ­āĻ•াāϰী āĻ•ে āĻ…āĻŽৃāϤāϏāϰে āĻāĻ•āϟা āĻŦāĻĻ্āϧ āϜাāϝ়āĻ—াāϰ āĻ­েāϤāϰ āĻĒুāϰুāώ āύাāϰী āĻļিāĻļু āύিāϰ্āĻŦিāĻļেāώে āϏāĻŦাāχāĻ•ে āĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•āϰে āĻŽাāϰা āĻšāϝ়। āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϤāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖে āĻāϟা āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāύ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻ—িāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ āϝে āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āϏাāĻŽ্āϰাāϜ্āϝেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āύাāϰীāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ। āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϜীāϰ āĻĄাāĻ•ে ⧧⧝⧍ā§Ļ āϏাāϞেāϰ ā§§āϞা āφāĻ—āϏ্āϟ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ— āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϝ় āϤāĻ–āύ āύাāϰীāϰা āϏ্āĻŦāĻĻেāĻļী āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āφāϰো āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•āϰে āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ। ⧧⧝⧍⧧ āϏাāϞেāϰ ā§Ŧ-āχ āĻāĻĒ্āϰিāϞ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ā§§ā§Š -āχ āĻāĻĒ্āϰিāϞ āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻšে āϏāϰোāϜিāύী āύাāχāĻĄু āĻĄাāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύ āύিāϜāϏ্āĻŦ āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏংāĻ—āĻ āύ āϤৈāϰি āĻšāϝ় āϤাāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ›িāϞ ‘āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰীāϝ় āϏ্āϤ্āϰী āϏংāϘ’। āĻāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāϰ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ• āĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝেāχ āύāĻ­েāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āĻāĻ• āĻšাāϜাāϰ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻŦোāĻŽ্āĻŦেāϤে āĻĒ্āϰিāύ্āϏ āĻ…āĻŦ āĻ“āϝ়েāϞāϏ āĻāϰ āĻ­াāϰāϤে āĻ­্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāϰ āĻŦিāϰোāϧিāϤা āĻ•āϰেāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āώোāĻ­ āĻĻেāĻ–াāύ।

āĻāχāϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϚিāϤ্āϤāϰāĻž্āϜāύ āĻĻাāϏ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āϰাāϏ্āϤাāϝ় āĻ–āĻĻ্āĻĻāϰ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϤাঁāϰ āĻĒুāϤ্āϰ āϏāĻŽেāϤ āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻšāύ। āϤāĻ–āύ āϤাāϰ āϏ্āϤ্āϰী āĻŦাāϏāύ্āϤী āĻĻেāĻŦী āϤাāϰ āĻŦোāύ āωāϰ্āĻŽিāϞা āĻĻেāĻŦী āĻāĻŦং āϤাāϰ āĻ­াāχāϜি āϏুāύীāϤি āĻĻেāĻŦী āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āφāϏেāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āϰাāϏ্āϤাāϝ় āĻ–āĻĻ্āĻĻāϰ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āϤাঁāϰাāĻ“ āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻšāύ। āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰেāϰ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻ›āĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻĒāϰে āϤāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āĻ—্āϰেāĻĢāϤাāϰেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϝ় āϜাāϤি-āϧāϰ্āĻŽ-āĻŦāϰ্āĻŖ āύিāϰ্āĻŦিāĻļেāώে āϏāϰ্āĻŦāϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āϜāĻĄ়ো āĻšāύ। āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻ­āĻŦ āĻ›িāϞ āϝেāύ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϰ āĻŽেāϝ়েāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে। āĻŦাāĻ™াāϞি āĻŽেāϝ়েāĻĻেāϰ āĻāχ āϏাāĻšāϏিāĻ•āϤাāϰ āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āϏাāϰাāĻĻেāĻļে āĻ›āĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĄ়ে। āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āϏাāĻŽ্āϰাāϜ্āϝেāϰ āĻŦিāϰুāĻĻ্āϧে āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āφāϏ্āϤে āφāϏ্āϤে āϏাāϰাāĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŽেāϝ়েāϰা āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āϏংāĻ–্āϝা⧟ āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āφāϏāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ।

āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻ…āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ— āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻŦোāĻŽ্āĻŦে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϝ় āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āύুāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ, āĻ–াāĻĻি āĻ•াāĻĒāĻĄ় āĻŦিāĻ•্āϰি āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ,āĻŦিāĻĻেāĻļী āĻ•াāĻĒāĻĄ়েāϰ āĻĻোāĻ•াāύ āϘেāϰাāĻ“ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ āĻāĻŦং āϰাāϏ্āϤা⧟ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āώোāĻ­ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āϰাāϜāϧাāύীāϰ āϰাāϏ্āϤা āϤāĻ–āύ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāϝ় āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āϞেāϜ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāϝ় āύāϤুāύ āĻŽেāĻŽ্āĻŦাāϰāĻĻেāϰ āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ । āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āĻ–āĻĻ্āĻĻāϰ āĻ•াāĻĒāĻĄ় āĻĒāĻĄ়āϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āĻ•ে āϰৃāĻĻ্āϧ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ।

āύেāϤাāϜি āϏুāĻ­াāώāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰেāϰ āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ—ী āϞিāϞা āύাāĻ— (⧧⧝ā§Ļā§Ļ-⧧⧝⧭ā§Ļ), ā§§ā§¯ā§¨ā§Š āϏাāϞে āĻĸাāĻ•া⧟ āĻ—ā§œে āϤুāϞāϞেāύ ‘āĻĻিāĻĒাāϞি āϏāĻ™্āϘ’ āϝেāĻ–াāύে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϤ। āĻĒ্āϰীāϤিāϞāϤা āĻāĻ–াāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦেāĻļ āĻ•ā§ŸেāĻ•āĻŦাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āύেāύ।

1928 āϏাāϞে āύেāϤাāϜি āϏুāĻ­াāώāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻĄাāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻ•্āϏāĻĢোāϰ্āĻĄ āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤা āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āĻ…āϰāĻŦিāύ্āĻĻ āϘোāώেāϰ āĻ­াāχāϜি, āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāĻ•া āϞāϤিāĻ•া āϘোāώ āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āϏুāύিāĻļ্āϚিāϤ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āϤুāϞāϞেāύ ‘āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰীāϝ় āϏংāϘ’। āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύেāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āϤিāύি āϞিāĻ–āϞেāύ, āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āĻšāϚ্āĻ›েāύ āĻļāĻ•্āϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻŽা āĻĻুāϰ্āĻ—াāϰ āϰূāĻĒ। āĻŽা āĻĻুāϰ্āĻ—া āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻāϏেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāϰূāĻĒে āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āϏুāϰেāϰ āĻŦিāύাāĻļ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āϤেāĻŽāύি āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āφāϏāϤে āĻšāĻŦে। āϤিāύি āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖ āĻĻিāϞেāύ āϏেāχ āϰাāϜāĻĒুāϤ āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āϝাāϰা āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽী āĻĒুāϤ্āϰāĻ•ে āϝুāĻĻ্āϧে āĻĒাāĻ াāϤেāύ āϤাāϰāĻĒāϰে āύিāϜেāϰ āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝুāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤেāύ। āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞāϞেāύ āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āĻāϏো, āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ•āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤুāϤ āĻšāϤে āĻšāĻŦে, āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āύিāϜেāĻĻেāϰ  āĻ›োāϟ āĻ›োāϟ āϏ্āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•ে āĻŦিāϏāϰ্āϜāύ āĻĻিāϝ়ে āĻĻেāĻļāĻŽাāϤৃāĻ•াāϰ āωāϜ্āϜ্āĻŦāϞ āϏোāύাāϰ āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āύিāϜেāĻĻেāϰ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāϰ্āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻšāĻŦে।

⧧⧝⧍⧝  āϏাāϞে āωāϰ্āĻŽিāϞা āĻĻেāĻŦী, āϜ্āϝোāϤিāϰ্āĻŽāϝ়ী āĻ—াāĻ™্āĻ—ুāϞী, āĻļাāύ্āϤি āĻĻাāϏ āĻāύাāĻĻেāϰ āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦে āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϝ় āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āωāĻ āϞো ‘āύাāϰী āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āϏāĻŽিāϤি’। āĻāύাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ—্āϰুāĻĒে āĻ›িāϞ āϏāĻŽাāϜেāϰ āωāϚ্āϚāĻŦāϰ্āĻŖেāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϤ ⧧⧍ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ā§§ā§Ģ āϜāύ  āĻ–āĻĻ্āĻĻāϰ āĻļাāĻĄ়ি āĻĒāϰিāĻšিāϤ  āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āϝাāϰা āϝেāĻ•োāύো āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻŦিāĻ•্āώোāĻ­ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•াāϰাāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻুঁāĻ•ি āύিāϤেāύ।

āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāύ। āϤাঁāϰা āϞাāĻ িāĻ–েāϞা, āĻ›োāϰা, āϤāϰো⧟াāϞ, āĻŦāύ্āĻĻুāĻ• āϚাāϞāύা⧟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļিāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āύিāϤে āĻ“ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻĻেāϰ āĻĻিāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•āϞেāύ। 1929 āϏাāϞে āĻ•āĻŽāϞা āĻĻাāĻļāĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤ āĻŦা⧜িāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āύা āĻĒে⧟ে āĻ—াāύ্āϧী āφāĻļ্āϰāĻŽে āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āύা āĻĒেāϰে āϝোāĻ—াāϝোāĻ— āĻ•āϰেāύ āϝুāĻ—াāύ্āϤāϰ āĻĻāϞেāϰ  āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āĻĻীāύেāĻļ āĻŽāϜুāĻŽāĻĻাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻāĻŦং āĻļেāώāĻĒāϰ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϝুāĻ—াāύ্āϤāϰে āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻāχ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϏংāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āϝাāϰা āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰāĻ›িāϞেāύ āϤাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āϏāĻŦাāχ āĻ•āϞেāϜ āĻ›াāϤ্āϰী āĻ›িāϞেāύ  āĻāĻŦং āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•াāϜ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻĒāϰāχ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āϏংāϏ্āĻĨাāĻ—ুāϞোāϤে āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āϝোāĻ—āĻĻাāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āφāϏāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻŦীāĻŖা āĻĻাāϏ (⧧⧝⧧⧧-ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ŧ) āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϤাāϰ āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻŦোāύ āĻ•āϞ্āϝাāĻŖী, āϏুāϰāĻŽা āĻŽিāϤ্āϰ, āĻ•āĻŽāϞা āĻĻাāĻļāĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤ āϏেāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻ—āĻĄ়ে āϤুāϞāϞেāύ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻ›াāϤ্āϰীāĻĻেāϰ  āĻāĻ•āϟি  āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏংāϏ্āĻĨা ‘āĻ›াāϤ্āϰী āϏংāϘ’। āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤাāϰ āĻŦেāĻĨুāύ āĻ•āϞেāϜে āĻĒāϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āϰীāϤিāϞāϤা āĻ“āϝ়াāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻĻাāϰ āĻ“ āϏāĻšāĻĒাāĻ ী āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻĻāϤ্āϤ ‘āĻ›াāϤ্āϰী āϏংāϘ’āĻāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āĻšāύ āĻ“ āĻšāϰāϤাāϞ āĻŦিāĻ•্āώোāĻ­ āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āĻŦিāϰোāϧী āĻ•াāϜāĻ•āϰ্āĻŽে āĻ…ংāĻļ āύিāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•েāύ। āĻ•্āϰāĻŽে āϤাঁāϰা āĻĻুāϜāύেāχ āĻŽাāϏ্āϟাāϰāĻĻাāϰ āχāύ্āĻĄি⧟াāύ āϰিāĻĒাāĻŦāϞিāĻ•াāύ āφāϰ্āĻŽিāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āĻšāύ।

ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Ļ āϏাāϞে āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏেāϰ  āĻĄাāĻ•ে  āφāχāύ āĻ…āĻŽাāύ্āϝ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āϏুāϰু āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāϤে āĻŦāϰিāϏাāϞেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āϏāĻ•āϞ āύেāϤাāχ āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻšāύ। āĻāĻ—ি⧟ে āφāϏেāύ āĻŦāϰিāϏাāϞেāϰ āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাāϰ āĻŦা⧜িāϰ āĻŦāω āĻŽāύোāϰāĻŽা āĻŦāϏু। ā§Š-āϰা āĻĢেāĻŦ্āϰু⧟াāϰী āĻŦāϰিāϏাāϞেāϰ āĻšāϰāϤাāϞে āύেāϤৃāϤ্āĻŦ āĻĻেāĻŦাāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύে āϤিāύি āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻšāύ।

ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§§ āϏাāϞেāϰ ā§§ā§Ē-āχ āĻĄিāϏেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āωāϞ্āϞাāϏāĻ•āϰ āĻĻāϤ্āϤেāϰ āφāĻĻāϰ্āĻļে āωāĻĻ্āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧ āĻļাāύ্āϤি āϘোāώ (⧧⧝⧧⧭-ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§Ž) āĻāĻŦং āϏুāύীāϤি āϚৌāϧুāϰী (⧧⧝⧧ā§Ŧ-ā§§ā§¯ā§Žā§¯) āύাāĻŽে āĻĻু'āϜāύ āĻ•ুāĻŽিāϞ্āϞাāϰ āϏ্āĻ•ুāϞāĻ›াāϤ্āϰী āĻŽ্āϝাāϜিāϏ্āϟ্āϰেāϟ āϚাāϰ্āϞāϏ āϜিāĻ“āĻĢ্āϰে āĻŦাāĻ•āϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ  āϏ্āϟিāĻ­েāύ্āϏāĻ•ে āĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•āϰে āĻšāϤ্āϝা āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ। āύাāĻŦাāϞিāĻ•া āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻ—āύ্āϝ āĻ•āϰে āϤাāĻĻেāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āϜেāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻĒāϰেāϰ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ ā§Ŧ āχ āĻĢেāĻŦ্āϰুāϝ়াāϰিāϤে āĻŦীāύা āĻĻাāĻļ āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āĻ—āĻ­āϰ্āύāϰ āϏ্āϟাāύāϞি āϜ্āϝাāĻ•āϏāύāĻ•ে āĻ•ে āĻ•োāϞāĻ•াāϤা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞ⧟েāϰ āϏāĻŽাāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύে āĻĒাঁāϚāϟি āĻ—ুāϞি āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϏ্āϟাāύāϞি āϜ্āϝাāĻ•āϏāύ āĻŦেঁāϚে āϝাāύ। āĻŦীāύা āĻĻাāĻļেāϰ ⧝ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ āϜেāϞ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻŦীāύা āĻĻাāĻļāĻ•ে āĻŦāύ্āĻĻুāĻ•āϟি āϏāϰāĻŦāϰাāĻš āĻ•āĻŽāϞা āĻĻাāĻļāĻ—ুāĻĒ্āϤ। āϏেāχ āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āϏেāĻĒ্āϟেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻŽাāϏে āĻŽাāϏ্āϟাāϰāĻĻা āϏূāϰ্āϝ āϏেāύেāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļে āĻĒ্āϰীāϤিāϞāϤা āĻ“āϝ়াāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻĻাāϰ āĻĒাāĻž্āϜাāĻŦি āĻĒুāϰুāώেāϰ āĻŦেāĻļে  ā§§ā§Ģ  āϜāύ āĻĒুāϰুāώ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ীāĻ•ে āύিāϝ়ে āϚāϟ্āϟāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒাāĻšা⧜āϤāϞি āχāωāϰোāĻĒি⧟াāύ āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦ āφāĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻāχ  āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦে āĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ āϞাāĻ—াāύো āĻĨাāĻ•āϤ ‘āĻ•ুāĻ•ুāϰ āĻ“ āĻ­াāϰāϤী⧟ āĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āύিāώিāĻĻ্āϧ’। āϰাāϤ ā§§ā§Ļ.ā§Ēā§Ģ āύাāĻ—াāĻĻ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦীāϰা āϏেāχ āĻ•্āϞাāĻŦে āĻĸুāĻ•ে āĻ—ুāϞি āϚাāϞাāϤে āĻļুāϰু āĻ•āϰেāύ। ā§§ā§Ļ āĻĨেāĻ•ে ⧧⧍ āϜāύ āĻŽাāύুāώāĻ•ে āφāĻšāϤ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āφāĻšāϤ āĻĒ্āϰীāϤিāϞāϤা āĻĒুāϞিāĻļেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āϧāϰা āύা āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āĻŦিāώ āĻĒাāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻŽৃāϤ্āϝু āĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āĻāχ āϘāϟāύাāϰ āĻ িāĻ• āĻāĻ• āϏāĻĒ্āϤাāĻš āφāĻ—েāχ āĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāύা āĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻšāύ।

ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§Š āϏাāϞ āύাāĻ—াāĻĻ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻŦিāĻĒ্āϞāĻŦী āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰাāχ āĻ•াāϰাāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāύ্āϤ āϜেāϞাāĻ—ুāϞো āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻŽেāĻĻিāύীāĻĒুāϰ, 24 āĻĒāϰāĻ—āύা, āĻ–ুāϞāύা, āĻŦেāĻ•াāϰāĻ—āĻž্āϜ, āύো⧟াāĻ–াāϞি , āϚāϟ্āϟāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ  āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āĻāĻ—িāϝ়ে āφāϏেāύ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āφāχāύ āĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ে। āϜ্āϝোāϤিāϰ্āĻŽāϝ় āĻ—াāĻ™্āĻ—ুāϞী āϤāĻŽāϞুāĻ•েāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āύāϰāϘাāϟ āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āĻ—িāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻ“ āĻĒুāϰুāώāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻ•āϰেāύ āĻ—াāύ্āϧীāϜীāϰ āĻĄাāĻ•ে āĻ…āĻšিংāϏ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āϝোāĻ— āĻĻেāϝ়াāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ। āϏুāϤো āĻŦোāύা, āĻ–াāĻĻি āϤৈāϰি āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি āĻ•াāϜেāϰ āĻŽাāϧ্āϝāĻŽে āĻ–াāĻĻি āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āĻ“āϤāĻĒ্āϰোāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āϜāĻĄ়িāϤ āĻ›িāϞেāύ।āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻš āĻšāϞো āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύ āϝেāĻ–াāύে āĻ­াāϰāϤীāϝ় āĻŽāĻšিāϞাāϰা āĻĒ্āϰāϚুāϰ āϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϝ় āύেāĻŽে āĻāϏেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻ•াāϰাāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ। āωāϚ্āϚāĻļ্āϰেāĻŖীāϰ, āϏাāϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ্āϝ, āĻļāĻšুāϰে, āϧāύী-āĻ—āϰিāĻŦ, āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ-āĻ…āĻļিāĻ•্āώিāϤ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϰাāϏ্āϤাāϝ় āύেāĻŽে āĻāϏেāĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ•াāϰাāĻŦāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ ।

āĻ…āϰুāύা āφāϏāĻĢ āφāϞি āϞāĻŦāύ āϏāϤ্āϝাāĻ—্āϰāĻšāϤে āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ—্āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰেāύ। āϤাāĻ•ে āĻ­āĻŦāϘুāϰে āφāĻ–্āϝা āĻĻি⧟ে āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ। āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϰাāϜāύৈāϤিāĻ• āĻŦāύ্āĻĻিāϰা ā§§ā§¯ā§Šā§§ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻ—াāύ্āϧি-āφāϰāĻ…āχāύ āϚুāĻ•্āϤি āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻ›া⧜া āĻĒেāϞেāĻ“ āϤিāύি āĻ›া⧜া āύা āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা⧟ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŽāĻšিāϞা āĻŦāύ্āĻĻিāϰা āϜেāϞ āĻ›া⧜āϤে āĻ…āϏ্āĻŦীāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•āϰেāύ।

⧧⧝ā§Ē⧍ āϏাāϞেāϰ ā§Ž-āχ āĻ…āĻ—াāϏ্āϟ āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻ›া⧜ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āĻĄাāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšā§Ÿ। āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύāĻ•ে āĻļুāϰুāϰ āφāĻ—েāχ āĻĻāĻŽāύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āωāĻĻ্āĻĻেāĻļ্āϝে āĻ•ংāĻ—্āϰেāϏ āĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ্āĻ•িং āĻ•āĻŽিāϟিāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻ—্āϰেāĻĒ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϞে, ⧝-āχ āĻ…āĻ—াāϏ্āϟ āĻ—ো⧟াāϞি⧟া āϟ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ• āĻŽā§ŸāĻĻাāύে āĻĒāϤাāĻ•া āϤুāϞে āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύেāϰ āϏূāϚāύা āĻ•āϰেāύ āĻ…āϰুāύা āφāϏāĻĢ āφāϞি।

⧧⧝ā§Ēā§Š āϏাāϞে āύেāϤাāϜি āφāϜাāĻĻ āĻšিāύ্āĻĻ āĻŦাāĻšিāύীāϤে āĻ—ā§œে āϤুāϞāϞেāύ āĻāĻ•āϟি āύাāϰী āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ— āϤাāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ›িāϞ ‘āĻাঁāϏিāϰ āϰাāύী āĻŦাāĻšিāύি’। āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻšিāύিāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা āĻ›িāϞ āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ ā§§ā§Ģā§Ļā§Ļ। āĻŦাāĻšিāύিāϰ āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦে āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻŽাāĻĻ্āϰাāϜেāϰ āĻŽেāĻĄিāĻ•েāϞ āĻ•āϞেāϜ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏāĻĻ্āϝ āĻĒাāϏ āĻ•āϰা āĻĄাāĻ•্āϤাāϰ āϞāĻ•্āώ্āĻŽী āϏ্āĻŦাāĻŽিāύাāĻĨāύ। āĻāχ āĻŦাāĻšিāύিāϰ āĻŦীāϰāϤ্āĻŦāĻ—াāĻĨ  āφāϜāĻ“ āĻļ্āϰāĻĻ্āϧাāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϏ্āĻŽāϰāĻŖী⧟।

āĻ­াāϰāϤāĻŦāϰ্āώ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āĻĒা⧟ ā§§ā§Ģāχ āĻ…āĻ—াāϏ্āϟ ⧧⧝ā§Ēā§­ āϏাāϞে। āĻ­াāϰāϤেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦাāϧীāύāϤা āϏংāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āφāύ্āĻĻোāϞāύে āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻাāύ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāϝ় āĻšāϝ়ে āφāĻ›ে। āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি āϚāϰিāϤ্āϰেāϰ āĻ†ā§œাāϞে āĻ•āϤ āĻŽāĻšীāϝ়āϏীāϰ āύিāϜ āύিāϜ āφāϤ্āĻŽāĻŦāϞিāĻĻাāύ āĻ•াāϞেāϰ āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­ে āĻšাāϰিāϝ়ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āĻāχ āϏāϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒāϰিāϏāϰে āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ āĻ•āϤāϟুāĻ•ুāχ āĻŦা āϏ্āĻŽāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰা āĻ—েāϞ āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āύাāϰীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻাāύেāϰ āχāϤিāĻšাāϏ āϏুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āύাāĻŽ āφāϰ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āĻŽৃāϤি āĻĢিāϰি⧟ে āĻĻে⧟ āύা, āĻĻে⧟ āĻ…āϰ্āϜিāϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽাāύ āφāϰ āĻĻৃā§ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏেāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে  āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽুāĻ– āĻĒাāύে āϚāϞাāϰ  āĻĒāĻĨāύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ।


(āϞেāĻ–াāϟি āĻ“ā§ŸেāϏ্āϟ āĻŦেāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āϏাāϰ্āĻ­ে āχāύ্āϏিāϟিāωāϟ āĻāϰ āĻĒুāύāϰ্āĻŽিāϞāύ āϏ্āĻŽāϰāĻŖিāĻ•া ⧍ā§Ļ⧍⧧ āϤে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļিāϤ।)


Jul 10, 2020

Raghunath JIU Temple of Bonpatna, West Midnapur.

Let's go to Bonapatna village in West Midnapore District. Take a private car or board buses that ply from Kharagpur station to Kathi through O T road, get down to Rampura stop.  Through the village pucca road reach at village Bonapatna, altogether 15 Km from Kharagpur Station. Almost on the lap of Jungle Mohol, Bonpatna is under  Kharagpur Local Police Station and one of the village under Khelar Gham Panchayet. 

Once upon a time, Bonapatna was a prosperous village and  'Satpati' family was the zamindar of this village. Some of their deities are found to be notable antiquities here. A few temples are present at Thakurbari   (22°15'16.12"N, 87°20'49.03"E) on the west end of the village. Thakurbari is bounded by a square wall. In the middle of the Thakurbari, there is a temple of deity Raghunath Jiu. Temple architecture is of 
Bengal’s Pancharatna Gharana. The temple is founded on a high plinth and made of Laterite stone. Three arch  entrance is east facing. The three arch  entrance at the front and north of the inner sanctum but closed verandah on the south and west sides. There was two rows inscribed on the inner sanctum -

ā§§.  āĻļ্āϰীāϏিāϤāϞāĻĒ্āϰāϏাāĻĻ āώāĻĄ়āĻ™্āĻ—ী  ...āĻ•াāϰāĻ•/āϏāύ ⧧⧍⧭ā§Ģ āϏাāϞ ⧍ā§Ģ āĻļে āĻŦৈāĻļাāĻ–
⧍   āĻļ্āϰী āĻŦৃāϜāĻŽোāĻšāύ āϏāϤāĻĒāϤি āĻļ্āϰীāĻ—āϜেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ/āύাāĻĨ āϏāϤāĻĒāϤি

According to the inscript, temple was constructed in the year of  1868-69
 and the builder was Brijmohan Satpati and Gajendra Nath Satpati and the name of  mistry was Sitala Prasad Sharangi. According to that temple is 150 years old.

There are various stucco floral designs and paintings on the wall of the inner sanctum. There are various stucco floral designs in the east, north and south face of the temple. There is a dancing hall/natmondir in front/ eastern side of the temple. The dancing hall/natmondir is built of laterite stones, with a large entrance to the east and Three arch  entrance to the north and south. On the north side there is a dining hall adjacent to the wall and on the south single storied with five arch entrance guest house alongside the wall. They are made of thin brick. The dining room is now without roof. The guesthouse is abandoned. The construction style of the guest house is of colonial architecture. To the north of the guest house there is an abandoned temple of charchala style made of laterite stones. To the north outside Thakur's house, there is an attchala style Shiva temple made of laterite. To the north of it there is a  holy pond. At present the Board of Public Trustees is in charge of the temple. The five shikharas have

recently been repaired with cement plaster, leaving the temple design intact as far as possible. There is regular worship in the temple. Special Pooja was organized at Paush Purnima on the occasion of the inauguration of the kingdom after returning from the 14 years Banvas of Sri Sri Ramachandra.

Almost opposite of the Khelar Panchayat office village Hats sits on Friday. These hats will attract the people lives in city for sure. You can walk on the bank of  blue water reservoir  next to the hut. Opposite bank of this reservoir at the  southwest corner of the village there is flatten rock surface of laterite  stone, the view of flowing water during the monsoon is very beautiful, it is locally known as Patharghata. The greenery of the countryside and the plethora of heritage will impress you for sure. Nearby, you can see the Damodar Jiu Temple, Kurumbera Fort (30 km) of Gaganeshwar village, Tapoban and Rameshwar Temple (25 km), Mogalmari Buddhist Mahavihar (50 km), Kalua Snar temple of Nayagram, Jangal Mohal.

Find this place on Google Map.

Information Source: 
āĻŽেāĻĻিāύীāĻĒুāϰ āϜেāϞাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āύ-āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻঃ āĻĒ্āϰāύāĻŦ āϰা⧟ 


Bengali Version :
āϚāϞো āϝাāχ  āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻŽেāĻĻিāύীāĻĒুāϰ āϜেāϞাāϰ  āĻŦāύāĻĒাāϟāύা āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে। āĻ–āĻĄ়āĻ—āĻĒুāϰ āϏ্āϟেāĻļāύ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ•াঁāĻĨি āĻ—াāĻŽী āĻŦাāϏে āĻ“ āϟি  āϰোāĻĄ āĻšāϝ়ে  āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āϰাāĻŽāĻĒুāϰা āϏ্āϟāĻĒেāϜে  āύাāĻŽāϤে āĻšāĻŦে,  āϰাāĻŽāĻĒুāϰা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽে āĻ…āϧুāύা āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ্āϝ  āĻĒাāĻ•া āϰাāϏ্āϤাāϝ়  āĻŦāύāĻĒাāϟāύা , āĻŽোāϟ ā§§ā§Ģ āĻ•িāĻŽি āϰাāϏ্āϤা  ।  āĻ–āĻĄ়āĻ—āĻĒুāϰ āϞোāĻ•াāϞ āĻĨাāύাāϰ  āĻ–েāϞা⧜  āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ āĻĒāĻž্āϚা⧟েāϤেāϰ  āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ—āϤ āϜāĻ™্āĻ—āϞāĻŽāĻšāϞ āϘেঁāώা āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ  āĻŦāύāĻĒাāϟāύা ।  

āϜাāύা āϝা⧟ āĻāĻ•āĻ•াāϞেāϰ  āϏāĻŽৃāĻĻ্āϧিāĻļাāϞী āĻŦāύāĻĒাāϟāύা āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ ‘āϏāϤāĻĒāϤি’  āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āĻāĻ–াāύāĻ•াāϰ  āϜāĻŽিāĻĻাāϰ āĻ›িāϞেāύ ।  āϤাāĻĻেāϰāχ  āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি āĻĻেāĻŦাāϞāϝ়  āĻāĻ–াāύেāϰ āωāϞ্āϞেāĻ–āϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻĒুāϰাāĻ•ীāϰ্āϤি । āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻĒ্āϰাāύ্āϤে  āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰāĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϤে āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ•āϟি āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ । āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰāĻŦা⧜িāϟি  āϚাāϰāϚৌāĻ•ো āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰ āĻŦেāώ্āϟিāϤ । āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰāĻŦা⧜িāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝেāĻ–াāύে āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āϘেঁāώে   āϰāϘুāύাāĻĨ āϜিāĻ‰ā§Ÿেāϰ  āĻĒāĻž্āϚāϰāϤ্āύ āϘāϰাāύাāϰ āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ । āϞ্āϝাāϟেāϰাāχāϟ āĻŽাāύে āĻŽাāĻ•āϰা āĻĒাāĻĨāϰে āϤৈāϰি । āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰāϟি āωāϚ্āϚ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ িāϤ । āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦāĻŽুāĻ–ী āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽুāĻ–āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ āϤ্āϰিāĻ–িāϞাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļāĻĒāĻĨ । āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­āĻ—ৃāĻšেāϰ āϏাāĻŽāύে  āĻ“ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϤ্āϰিāĻ–িāϞাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļāĻĒāĻĨāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻŦাāϰাāύ্āĻĻা  āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻĒাāĻļে āϘেāϰা āĻŦাāϰাāύ্āĻĻা। āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­āĻ—ৃāĻšেāϰ āĻŦেāĻĻীāϤে āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ• āϏাāϰি  āϞিāĻĒি āφāĻ›ে -
ā§§.  āĻļ্āϰীāϏিāϤāϞāĻĒ্āϰāϏাāĻĻ āώāĻĄ়āĻ™্āĻ—ী  ...āĻ•াāϰāĻ•/āϏāύ ⧧⧍⧭ā§Ģ āϏাāϞ ⧍ā§Ģ āĻļে āĻŦৈāĻļাāĻ–
⧍   āĻļ্āϰী āĻŦৃāϜāĻŽোāĻšāύ āϏāϤāĻĒāϤি āĻļ্āϰীāĻ—āϜেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ/āύাāĻĨ āϏāϤāĻĒāϤি 


āϞিāĻĒি āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰেāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŽাāĻŖ  āĻ•াāϞ āχংāϰাāϜি ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ž-ā§Ŧ⧝ āϏাāϞ āĻ“ āύিāϰ্āĻŽাāϤা āĻ›িāϞেāύ āĻļ্āϰী āĻŦৃāϜāĻŽোāĻšāύ āϏāϤāĻĒāϤি āĻļ্āϰীāĻ—āϜেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ/āύাāĻĨ āϏāϤāĻĒāϤি āĻ“ āĻŽিāϏ্āϤ্āϰিāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻļ্āϰীāϏিāϤāϞāĻĒ্āϰāϏাāĻĻ āώāĻĄ়āĻ™্āĻ—ী  । āϏেāχ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰāĻ—ুāϞি ā§§ā§Ģā§Ļ  āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻĒুāϰাāύো । 
āĻ—āϰ্āĻ­āĻ—ৃāĻšেāϰ āĻ­িāϤāϰেāϰ  āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϞে āĻ“  āĻŦিāĻ—্āϰāĻšেāϰ āĻ…āϧিāώ্āĻ াāύ āĻŦেāĻĻীāϰ āϚাāϰāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻĻেāĻ“āϝ়াāϞে āϏ্āϟাāĻ•োāϰ āύাāύা āϰāĻ™েāϰ  āĻĢুāϞāĻ•াāϰি āύāĻ•āĻļা  āĻ“ āĻĒেāχāύ্āϟিং  āφāĻ›ে  ।  āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ āĻ—াāϤ্āϰে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে  āĻ“ āĻĒুāĻŦ āĻŽুāĻ–ে   āϏ্āϟাāĻ•োāϰ  āύাāύা āϏুāĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝ  āĻĢুāϞāĻ•াāϰি  āύāĻ•āĻļা āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ ।  āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰেāϰ   āϏাāĻŽāύে āĻāĻ•āϟি  āύাāϟāĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ āφāĻ›ে । āύাāϟāĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰāϟি  āĻŽাāĻ•ā§œা āĻĒাāĻĨāϰে āϤৈāϰী, āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦ⧜ āĻ“ āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖে  āϤ্āϰিāĻ–িāϞাāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ  āĻĒāĻĨ ।  āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰāĻ—াāϤ্āϰ āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ  āĻ­োāϜāύāĻļাāϞা  āĻ“ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰাāϚীāϰāĻ—াāϤ্āϰ āϏংāϞāĻ—্āύ āĻāĻ• āϤāϞা  āĻĒাঁāϚāϟি  āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļāĻĒāĻĨ āϝুāĻ•্āϤ    āĻ…āϤিāĻĨিāĻļাāϞা  āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύ ।  āĻāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒাāϤāϞা āχāϟে āϤৈāϰি।   āĻ­োāϜāύāĻļাāϞাāϟি  āĻ›াāĻĻ   āĻŦিāĻšীāύ ।  āĻ…āϤিāĻĨিāĻļাāϞাāϟি   āĻ­াāĻ™্āĻ—াāϚোāϰা āĻ“ āĻĒāϰিāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āϤ । āĻ…āϤিāĻĨিāĻļাāϞাāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻŽাāĻŖ  āĻļৈāϞীāϤে  āωāĻĒāύিāĻŦেāĻļিāĻ•   āϘāϰাāύাāϰ āĻ›াāĻĒ āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ । āĻ…āϤিāĻĨিāĻļাāϞাāϰ  āωāϤ্āϤāϰāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŽাāĻ•ā§œা āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āϤৈāϰী  āĻāĻ•āϟি āϚাāϰāϚাāϞা  āϰীāϤিāϰ  āĻĒāϰিāϤাāĻ•্āϤ āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ āφāĻ›ে ।  āĻ াāĻ•ুāϰ āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϰ āĻŦাāχāϰে āωāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āφāϟāϚাāϞা āϰীāϤিāϰ  āĻŽাāĻ•ā§œা āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āϤৈāϰী āĻļিāĻŦাāϞāϝ় āφāĻ›ে। āϤাāϰ āωāϤ্āϤāϰāĻĻিāĻ•ে  āφāĻ›ে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•ুāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻŦা āĻĒুāĻ•ুāϰ। āĻŦāϰ্āϤāĻŽাāύে āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰেāϰ āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦে āĻĒাāĻŦāϞিāĻ• āϟ্āϰাāϏ্āϟি āĻŦোāϰ্āĻĄ। āĻĒাঁāϚāϟি  āϚু⧜া āĻ–ুāĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒ্āϰāϤি  āϏিāĻŽেāύ্āϟ āĻĒ্āϞাāϏ্āϟাāϰ  āϏāĻš āĻŽেāϰাāĻŽāϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে  āϝāϤāĻĻূāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦ  āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰেāϰ āύāĻ•āϏা  āĻ…āĻ•্āώুāĻŖ্āĻŖ  āϰেāĻ–ে। āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰে āύিāϤ্āϝ āĻĒুāϜা āĻšā§Ÿ । āĻŦāύāĻŦাāϏ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŽāϰ্āϝাāĻĻা āĻĒুāϰুāώোāϤ্āϤāĻŽ āĻļ্āϰী āĻļ্āϰী āϰাāĻŽāϚāύ্āĻĻ্āϰেāϰ ā§§ā§Ē āĻŦāĻ›āϰেāϰ āĻŦāύāĻŦাāϏ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻĢিāϰে āϰাāϜ্āϝ āĻ…āĻ­িāώেāĻ• āωāĻĒāϞāĻ•্āώে āĻĒৌāώ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖিāĻŽা⧟ āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻĒুāϜাāϰ āĻ†ā§ŸোāϜāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§Ÿ।

āĻ–েāϞাāϰ āĻĒāĻž্āϚা⧟েāϤ āĻ…āĻĢিāϏেāϰ  āĻĒ্āϰা⧟ āωāϞ্āϟোāĻĻিāĻ•ে  āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦিāϰাāϟ āĻŽাāĻ ে  āĻŦāύāĻĒাāϟāύা āĻšাāϟ āĻŦāϏে āĻļুāĻ•্āϰāĻŦাāϰে । āĻāχ āĻ…āĻž্āĻ›āϞেāϰ  āĻšাāϟāĻ—ুāϞো āĻļāĻšāϰেāϰ  āĻŽাāύুāώ  āĻ•ে āφāĻ•āϰ্āώāĻŖ  āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāχ।   āĻšাāϟেāϰ āĻĒাāĻļে āĻŽāϰাāĻŽ āĻ–াāĻĻাāύে āϜāϞ āϜāĻŽে āύীāϞ āϰāĻ™েāϰ āĻŦিāĻļাāϞ āϜāϞাāĻļ⧟। āĻāĻ•āϟু āĻĻূāϰে  āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āĻĻāĻ•্āώিāĻŖ āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽ āĻ•োāύে āφāĻ›ে āĻŽাāĻ•ā§œা āĻĒাāĻĨāϰেāϰ āĻŦিāĻļাāϞ āϚāϤ্āϤাāύ , āϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰāĻĻি⧟ে āĻŦāϰ্āώা  āĻ•াāϞে āϜāϞāϧাāϰা āύেāĻŽে āφāϏাāϰ āĻĻৃāĻļ্āϝ  āĻŦ⧜āχ  āĻŽāύāϰāĻŽ , āĻāϟা āϏ্āĻĨাāύী⧟  āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒাāĻĨāϰāϘাāϟা āύাāĻŽেāχ āĻĒāϰিāϚিāϤ । āϏāĻŦুāϜে āĻŽো⧜া  āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦেāĻļ āφāϰ āϐāϤিāĻš্āϝāϰ āĻšাāϤāĻ›াāύি  āφāĻĒāύাāĻ•ে āĻŽুāĻ—্āϧ āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāχ। āĻāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›াāĻ•াāĻ›ি āĻĒুāϰাāĻ•ীāϰ্āϤি āϝেāϟা āφāĻĒāύি āĻĻেāĻ–ে āύিāϤে āĻĒাāϰেāύ āĻ…āύāϤিāĻĻুāϰে āĻ–েāϞাāϰ  āĻĻাāĻŽোāĻĻāϰ  āϜিāω āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ,   āĻ—āĻ—āύেāϏ্āĻŦāϰ āĻ—্āϰাāĻŽেāϰ āĻ•ুāϰুāĻŽāĻŦে⧜া  āĻĢোāϰ্āϟ (ā§Šā§Ļ āĻ•িāĻŽি) , āϤāĻĒোāĻŦāύ āĻ“  āϰাāĻŽেāϏ্āĻŦāϰ  āϟেāĻŽ্āĻĒāϞ (⧍ā§Ģ āĻ•িāĻŽি) , āĻŽোāĻ—āϞāĻŽাāϰি āĻŦৌāĻĻ্āϧ āĻŽāĻšাāĻ­িāĻšাāϰ (ā§Ģā§Ļ āĻ•িāĻŽি), āύ⧟াāĻ—্āϰাāĻŽে āϜāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āĻŽāĻšāϞেāϰ āĻĻেāĻŦāϤা āĻ•াāϞু⧟া āώাঁ⧜ āĻŽāύ্āĻĻিāϰ   āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি।

 āĻ›āĻŦিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāĻĒāϰে āĻĻেāĻ–ুāύ।




āĻ•ুāϰুāĻŽāĻŦে⧜া  āĻĢোāϰ্āϟ  āϏāĻŽāύ্āϧে āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ•্āϞিāĻ• āĻ•āϰুāύ।
āϰাāĻŽেāϏ্āĻŦāϰ āϟেāĻŽ্āĻĒāϞ āϏāĻŽāύ্āϧে āĻāĻ–াāύে āĻ•্āϞিāĻ• āĻ•āϰুāύ।




   

Apr 5, 2020

Refuge House of Kolkata Port


It was middle of the nineteenth century. The management of the port of Calcutta in British India was then in the hands of the Marine Department of Provincial Government.  At the mouth of Sundarbans, storms and for other reasons sailing ships, steamer, country boat etc often sea wrecked. Fortunate seamens and passengers those who could able to escape from wreck, but often grabbed by tigers of densely populated forest and crocodiles of the narrow  salty creek of Sundarban.

Erstwhile Locations of Refuge Houses

 In the year of 1850, a sailing ship called Ariadan sank in the face of the Sundarbans. Then, thinking of the plight of the sailors, Captain T. E.  Rogers proposed to the provincial government for erection of some shelter to assist the sea wrecked sailors. As proposed, three shelters were erected on the face of the sea in the Sundarbans. One is on the channel creek (Baratala River), one on the Sabtermukhi river and another on the Jameera or Thakuron river. These shelters are named as Refuge House.


Around  the year 1865, the ship started to operate on the Matla River. As a result, the Marine Department proposed to build two more refuge houses, and in December of that year, the provincial government approved the proposal for refuge houses on Belchery and Bangaduni Islands. Another refuge house was erected at Preston Point of Channel Creek, as proposed by the provincial government. The location of these six refuge houses and their names were like below:

Number A is at Preston Point of Creek Channel painted White.

Number 1 is at Pitt's Point on Channel Creek painted Red

Number 2 is at the faces of the Sabtermukhi River painted White.

Number 3 is at the faces of the Jameera or Thakuron River painted Black.

Number 4 is at the Belchery Island painter White.

Number 5 is at the Bangaduni Island painted White.


Calcutta Port Commissioners was constituted on 1870 and by this time port approaches also come into the jurisdiction of Commissioners. Refuge houses as a part of port approaches came into the hands of the Port Commissioner.

Only water and a small amount of food were kept in these refuge houses during the period before 1870. Later, the following items were supplied in each of the refuge house :

1 cwt. biscuit, 3 Flannnel shirts, 3 Cloth trousers, 3 country blankets,3 pairs canvas shoes, 8 sun hats, 1 tin pot,1 tin lantern, 1 lb of candles,2 lbs of nails, 1 cold chisel, 1 hammer, 1 gimlet; 1 Flint, steel and solah for tinder; 2 boxes of matches in tin boxes, 15 ft canvas hose, 12 tin of soups (1 lb. tins)  , 1 axe, 20 fathoms 1.5 inch coir roe,1 punt, 1 paddles, 2 bamboos, 1 chart in tin case with tight fitting lid; also set of instructions in English French and Native language, 100 gallons of water in tank.


The printed instructions to the wrecked sailors was like this : "Never leave the Refuge House until no help is available. The heart of young palm tree would be found eatable grows in sufficient numbers. If searched, scurvy grass in and around house can be found and eatable if cooked.  Oyster can be found on the bed of the river and very nutritious after cooking.  You must close the lid of the water tank when leaving the Refuge House. Always be together because there are enough tigers. You will signal danger by lighting a fire with the surrounding dry wood. After each storm, a steamer is sent to visit the Refuge Houses, in case if you do not have a boat, it is better to stay in the Refuge House as long as no help is available. If there is an accident in normal weather, send the news to Mad Point, Saugor Island or Port Canning. ” And so on.


From the very beginning, from their existence, these houses were invariably looted. Though the then Lieutenant Governor of Bengal in his letter no 397 dated January 24, 1867, directed the then Inspector General of Police that the Sub Inspector of 24 Parganas inspect the refuge houses constantly during the cold season and at least once a month during monsoon. However, in 1871 the Government determined to take no measures of protection owing to be it too costly and not worth adopting.


Upto 1869, in eighteen years of their existences, sailors of accidental ships Alma on 1859, P.C. Kinch on 1865 and Jane Jack Mitchell on 1866 used refuge houses. After the Refuge Houses came into the hands of the Port Commissioner, the sailors of the ship, named Mahisur, took shelter in number 3 house in 1882. They later reported that they found nothing in refuge house except eight to ten cans of food, some biscuits and water. Again in 1893, No. 1 house sheltered the crew of French barque  Franklin and they did used nine soups of the refuge house, even though they were able to salvage good number of  food from the barque. There were even other consignments at the Refuge House, though it was only a month and  half after it was replenished . The commissioners had enough questions in their minds about the logic of running these houses. Not only the foods materials were stolen, food were left lying around the Refuge House and found the water tank filled with mud and sand. The Refuge House named A was seen from the inland steamers going into the Duagra river daily and was the first house to be looted. This Refuge House has never been used. In 1887, the Port Commissioner closed this refuge house.


It would have been very pang of disappointment for  the poor ship-wreaked seamen and passengers after reaching any of the nearby Refuge House in wet and sore, find there was nothing except the sea on one side, dense jungle with  tigers lurking around the house and creeks abounding with crocodiles. By the year 1898, E. W. Petley, the then Deputy Conservator of the Port Commissioner, inspected the Refuge House number 1 and found that a rain pipe fitted to the Refuge House, which was attached to the water tank, was damaged by the robbers. Refuge houses were also damaged. He raised the question that whether these refuge houses need to be run. He said that although the Refuge House  4 and 5 were built for the ships operate in Matla river, they were still being run after the shutdown operation in Matla river. It has not been heard that anyone has used them in the 42 years since it was created. The number 3 house was used at least twice , the number 4 house being located 4 miles east of it. Even if the number 4 house is maintained, there is no justification for maintaining house number 5.


E. W. Petley suggested that there is no need to keep any items other than water tanks in the refuge houses. Reason he said that the goods of the Refuge House would be invariably stolen as usual, and that the sailors would know at least in advance that nothing other than water could be found in those Refuge Houses. Secondly, the Port Commissioner now has enough steamers or can be rented as needed, which can be delivered relief to the nearest Refuge House within a day and a half. The Port Commissioner shut down the Refuge House 1 in 1907 and Refuge House 2, 3 & 4  in 1912 because no one was using them since long.

Estuary of  Hooghly R.

Bengali Version: 

āϏāĻŽā§Ÿāϟা āωāύāĻŦিংāĻļ āĻļāϤাāĻŦ্āĻĻীāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝāĻ­াāĻ—। āĻŦ্āϰিāϟিāĻļ āĻ­াāϰāϤে  āĻ•āϞāĻ•াāϤা āĻŦāύ্āĻĻāϰেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāύ āĻ­াāϰ āϤāĻ–āύ  āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻŽেāϰিāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻšাāϤে । āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āϏুāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰāĻŽুāĻ– āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāύ্āĻĻāϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļ āĻĒāĻĨে  āĻā§œ āĻāĻž্āϜা⧟ āĻ“ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϘāϟāύা⧟  āϜাāĻšাāϜ āϏ্āϟিāĻŽাāϰ  āĻĻেāĻļি  āύৌāĻ•ো  āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি   āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāϞে āĻĒ⧜ে । āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āϰা   āϜাāĻšাāϜāĻĄুāĻŦি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϝāĻĻিāĻ“āĻŦা  āĻĒ্āϰাāύে āĻŦাঁāϚāĻ›েāύ, āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ  āϞোāĻ•āĻŦāϏāϤিāĻšীāύ  āϘāύ āϜāĻ™্āĻ—āϞে āĻŦাāϘ, āĻŦāύ্āϝ āϜāύ্āϤু  āϜাāύো⧟াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āϜāϞে āĻ•ুāĻŽিāϰেāϰ āĻ–āĻĒ্āĻĒāϰে āĻĒ⧜āĻ›েāύ ।
 
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ļ āϏাāϞে ‘āφāϰি⧟াāĻĻāύ’ āύাāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏেāϞিং āϜাāĻšাāϜ āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĄুāĻŦে āϝা⧟। āϤāĻ–āύ āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āϜাāĻšাāϜেāϰ āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āĻŦৃāύ্āĻĻেāϰ āĻĻুāϰাāĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ•āĻĨা āϚিāύ্āϤা āĻ•āϰে,  āϟি. āχ. āϰāϜাāϰāϏ āύাāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ•্āϝাāĻĒ্āϟেāύ, āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ āĻĻেāύ āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϏāĻšা⧟āϤাāϰ  āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ•āϤāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞি  āφāĻļ্āϰ⧟ āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰা āĻšোāĻ• ।  āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦāĻŽāϤ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§§ āϏাāϞে āϏুāύ্āĻĻāϰāĻŦāύেāϰ āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰ āĻŽুāĻ–ে āϤিāύāϟি āφāĻĒāĻĻāĻ•াāϞীāύ āφāĻļ্āϰ⧟  āĻ—ā§œে āϤোāϞা āĻšāϞ ।  āĻāĻ•āϟি āϚ্āϝাāύেāϞ āĻ•্āϰিāĻ•ে (āĻŦাāϰāϤāϞা āϰিāĻ­াāϰ), āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏাāĻŦāϤেāϰāĻŽুāĻ–ি āύāĻĻীāϤে āφāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϜাāĻŽেāϰা āĻŦা  āĻĨাāĻ•ুāϰāύ  āύāĻĻীāϤে । āĻāχ āφāĻļ্āϰ⧟āĻ—ুāϞোāϰ āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ•ি  āύাāĻŽ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāϞ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ ।   
  
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ŧ āϏাāϞ āĻŦা āĻ“āϰ āĻ•াāĻ›াāĻ•াāĻ›ি āϏāĻŽā§Ÿে āĻŽাāϤāϞা āύāĻĻীāϤে āϜাāĻšাāϜ āϚāϞাāϚāϞ āĻļুāϰু āĻšāϞ ।  āϤাāϰ āĻĢāϞāĻļ্āϰুāϤিāϤে āφāϰ āĻĻুāϟো āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ā§œে āϤোāϞাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ āĻŽেāϰিāύ āĻĄিāĻĒাāϰāĻŽেāύ্āϟ  āĻĻিāϞেāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻ“āχ āϏাāϞেāϰ āĻĄিāϏেāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻŽাāϏে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦেāϞāϚেāϰি  āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻĻুāύি āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒে āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ āĻŽāĻž্āϜুāϰ āĻ•āϰāϞেāύ। āφāĻŦাāϰ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģ⧝ āϏাāϞে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ  āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ āĻŽāϤ āϚ্āϝাāύেāϞ āĻ•্āϰিāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒ্āϰেāϏ্āϟāύ  āĻĒ⧟েāύ্āϟে āφāϰেāĻ•āϟি āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ā§œে āϤোāϞা āĻšāϞ । āĻāχ āĻ›ā§Ÿāϟি  āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি  āĻšাāωāϏেāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ“ āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āύাāĻŽ āĻ—ুāϞি āĻ›িāϞ āĻāϰāĻ–āĻŽঃ

āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ “A”  āϏাāĻĻা āϰāĻ™েāϰ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ  āĻ•্āϰিāĻ• āϚ্āϝাāύেāϞেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰেāϏ্āϟāύ  āĻĒ⧟েāύ্āϟে  
āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ “ā§§”  āϞাāϞ āϰāĻ™েāϰ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ  āϚ্āϝাāύেāϞ āĻ•্āϰিāĻ•েāϰ āĻĒিāϟ’āϏ  āĻĒ⧟েāύ্āϟে 
āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ “⧍”  āϏাāĻĻা āϰāĻ™েāϰ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ  āϏাāĻŦāϤেāϰāĻŽুāĻ–ি āύāĻĻী āĻŽুāĻ–ে 
āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ ā§Š” āĻ•াāϞো  āϰāĻ™েāϰ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ  āϜুāĻŽেāϰা āĻŦাঁ āĻĨাāĻ•ুāϰāύ āύāĻĻী  āĻŽুāĻ–ে
āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ “ā§Ē” āϏাāĻĻা āϰāĻ™েāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ  āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ  āĻŦেāϞāϚেāϰি āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒে
āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ “ā§Ģ” āϏাāĻĻা āϰāĻ™েāϰ āύাāĻŽেāϰ  āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻĻুāύি āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒে 

ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ļ āϏাāϞে āφāχāύ āĻĒ্āϰāύ⧟āύ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦāύ্āĻĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāύাāϰ āĻ­াāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻŽেāϰিāύ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϤুāϞে āĻĻে⧟া āĻšā§Ÿ āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে । āφāϰ āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻāĻĒ্āϰāϚ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻŦāύ্āĻĻāϰে āĻĒ্āϰāĻŦেāĻļেāϰ āύāĻĻী āĻĒāĻĨেāϰ āĻĻা⧟িāϤ্āĻŦ ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§§-ā§Žā§¨ āϏাāϞে āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰেāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•ে  āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āύ্āϝাāϏ্āϤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™্āĻ—ে āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ুāϞি, āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻāĻĒ্āϰāϚেāϰ āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āφāϏে ।
   
ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§§-ā§Žā§¨ āϏাāϞেāϰ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻ…āύুāϝা⧟ী , ā§§ā§Žā§Ģ⧝ āϏাāϞে āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āϜাāĻšাāϜ ‘āφāϞ āĻŽা’, ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ģ āϏাāϞে āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āϜাāĻšাāϜ ‘āĻĒি āϏি āĻ•িāĻž্āĻ›’ āĻ“ ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ŧ āϏাāϞে  āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āϜাāĻšাāϜ ‘āϜāύ āϜাঁāĻ• āĻŽিāĻļেāϞ’ āĻāϰ  āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āϰা āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāĻ—ুāϞি  āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞেāύ ।

āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āφāϏাāϰ āφāĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāϧি āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āϜাāĻšাāϜেāϰ āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ  āĻāχ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āϜāϞ āφāϰ āĻ…āϞ্āĻĒ āĻĒাāωāϰুāϟি āϰাāĻ–া āĻšāϤ। āĻĒāϰে āĻāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϰাāĻ–া āĻšāϤ  āϚাāϰāϟি āϟিāύ āĻ­āϰ্āϤি ā§Ģā§§ āĻ•িāϞো  āĻŦিāϏ্āĻ•ুāϟ, āϤিāύāϟি āĻĒāĻļāĻŽী āϜাāĻŽা, āϤিāύāϟি āĻĒ্āϝাāύ্āϟ, āϤিāύāϟি āĻĻেāĻļি āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻŦāϞ, āϤিāύ āϜো⧜া āĻ•্āϝাāύāĻ­াāϏ āϜুāϤা, āφāϟāϟি āϰোāĻĻ āϟুāĻĒি, āĻāĻ•āϟি āϟিāύেāϰ āĻ•ৌāϟো,āĻāĻ•āϟি āϟিāύেāϰ āϞāύ্āĻ āύ,āĻāĻ• āĻĒাāωāύ্āĻĄ āĻŽোāĻŽāĻŦাāϤি , āĻĻুāχ āĻĒাāωāύ্āĻĄ āĻĒেāϰেāĻ•, āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ›েāύি, āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻšাāϤু⧜ি, āĻāĻ•āϟি āϤুāϰāĻĒুāύ, āϚāĻ•āĻŽāĻ•ি āĻĒাāĻĨāϰ  āϏ্āϟিāϞ āĻļোāϞা āĻļুāώ্āĻ• āĻ–āĻĄ়āĻ•ুāϟা , āϟিāύেāϰ āĻ•ৌāϟো āϤে āĻĻুāχ āĻŦাāĻ•্āϏ āĻĻেāĻļāϞাāχ ,ā§§ā§Ģ āĻĢুāϟেāϰ āĻ•াāύāĻ­াāϏ āĻšāϏ āĻĒাāχāĻĒ, āĻāĻ• āĻĒাāωāύ্āĻĄ āĻ“āϜāύেāϰ ⧧⧍āϟি āϟিāύে āϏুāĻĒ , āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•ুāĻ াāϰ , ā§Šā§­ āĻŽিāϟাāϰ āϞāĻŽ্āĻŦা āĻĻে⧜ āχāĻž্āϚিāϰ āύাāϰāĻ•োāϞ āĻĻ⧜ি, āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ›োāϟ āύৌāĻ•ো , āĻĻুāϟি āĻĻাঁ⧜, āĻĻুāϟি āĻŦাঁāĻļ , āχংāϰাāϜি āĻĢāϰাāϏি āĻ“ āĻĻেāĻļী⧟ āĻ­াāώা⧟ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āϏāĻš āĻāĻ•āϟি āϟিāύেāϰ āĻ•ৌāϟোāϤে āĻŽ্āϝাāĻĒ , āϟ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ•ে  ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ āĻ—্āϝাāϞāύ āϜāϞ।  āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļāϟি āĻĨাāĻ•āϤো āĻāϰāĻ–āĻŽ “ āϝāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āύা āĻ•োāύ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āφāϏāĻ›ে āϤāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āĻ•োāύ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāϤেāχ  āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ›ে⧜ে  āϝাāĻŦেāύ āύা, āĻ›োāϟ āϤাāϞ āĻ—াāĻ›েāϰ āύāϰāĻŽ āĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝা⧟ āϝেāϟা   āϚাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļে  āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ  āϏংāĻ–্āϝা⧟  āĻĒাāĻŦেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ›ে⧜ে āϚāϞে āϝাāĻŦাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ  āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāχ  āϜāϞেāϰ āϟ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ•েāϰ  āĻĸাāĻ•āύাāϟা  āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻি⧟ে āϝাāĻŦেāύ ।  āϏāϰ্āĻŦāĻĻা  āĻāĻ•āϤ্āϰে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦেāύ āĻ•āĻ–āύāχ āĻ•াāϰāύ āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āϏংāĻ–্āϝা⧟ āĻŦাāϘ āφāĻ›ে। āφāĻļেāĻĒাāĻļেāϰ āĻļুāĻ•āύো āĻ•াāĻ  āĻĻি⧟ে āφāĻ—ুāύ āϜ্āĻŦাāϞি⧟ে āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻ āϏংāĻ•েāϤ āĻĻেāĻŦেāύ। āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ• āĻā§œ āĻāĻž্āϜাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āϏ্āϟিāĻŽাāϰ āĻĒাāĻ াāύো āĻšā§Ÿ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϘুāϰে āφāϏাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ, āϏেāĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে āϝāĻĻি āφāĻĒāύাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āύৌāĻ•ো āύা āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āϝāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āύা āĻ•োāύ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āφāϏāĻ›ে āϤāϤāĻ•্āώāĻŖ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏে āĻĨাāĻ•াāχ āĻ­াāϞো ।  āϝāĻĻি āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āφāĻŦāĻšাāĻ“ā§ŸাāϤে āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύা āϘāϟে āϤাāĻšāϞে āĻŽাāĻĄ āĻĒ⧟েāύ্āϟ, āϏাāĻ—āϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•্āϝাāύিং āĻ āĻ–āĻŦāϰ āĻĒাāĻ াāύ।“ āĻāĻŦং āχāϤ্āϝাāĻĻি ।

ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§­ āϏাāϞে  āĻŦাংāϞাāϰ āϞেāĻĢāϟেāύ্āϝাāύ্āϟ  āĻ—āĻ­āϰ্āύāϰ  ⧍ā§ĒāϏে āϜাāύু⧟াāϰী āϤাঁāϰ  ā§Šā§¯ā§­ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āϚিāĻ িāϤে  āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ āχāύāϏ্āĻĒেāĻ•্āϟāϰ āϜেāύেāϰাāϞ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻĒুāϞিāĻļ āĻ•ে āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāύ āϝে ⧍ā§Ē āĻĒাāϰāĻ—āύাāϰ āϏাāĻŦ āχāύāϏ্āĻĒেāĻ•্āϟāϰ  āĻļীāϤāĻ•াāϞে āĻ…āύāĻŦāϰāϤ āĻ“ āĻŦāϰ্āώাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝেāĻ• āĻŽাāϏে āχāύ্āϏāĻĒেāĻ•āĻļāύ  āĻ•āϰāĻŦেāύ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ুāϞিāϤে। āϝাāχāĻšোāĻ• ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§§ āϏাāϞে  āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻāχ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļ āϤুāϞে āύিāϞেāύ āĻŦ্āϝ⧟āĻŦāĻšুāϞāϤাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ“ āϝৌāϤিāĻ•āϤাāĻšীāύেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ ।

āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ুāϞি āϚাāϞু āĻšāĻŦাāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āĻāĻ•āϟা āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϝা āϞেāĻ—েāχ āĻ›িāϞ। āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āϝāĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦী āĻ­াāĻŦে āϜিāύিāϏāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āϞুāϟ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা । āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āφāϏাāϰ āĻĒāϰ ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§¨ āϏাāϞে ‘āĻŽāĻšিāϏুāϰ’ āύাāĻŽে āϜাāĻšাāϜেāϰ āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āϰা āϤিāύ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ  āĻšাāωāϏে āφāĻļ্āϰ⧟ āύে⧟, āϤাāϰা āĻĒāϰে āϞিāĻ–িāϤ āĻ­াāĻŦে āϜাāύা⧟ āϝে āφāϟ āĻĻāĻļāϟি āϟিāύāϜাāϤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ, āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦিāϏ্āĻ•ুāϟ āĻ“ āϜāϞ āĻ›া⧜া āφāϰ āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āĻ“āχ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏে āĻ›িāϞ āύা। āφāĻŦাāϰ ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Š āϏাāϞে āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĢāϰাāϏি āĻŦাāϰāĻ•িāω āϜাāĻšাāϜ ‘āĻĢ্āϰাāĻ™্āĻ•āϞিāύ’ āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāϰ āĻ•āĻŦāϞে āĻĒ⧜āϞো, āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āϤাāϰা āĻĄাāĻ™্āĻ—া⧟ āĻ­াāϞ āϰāĻ–āĻŽেāϰ āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ āύি⧟ে āϝেāϤে  āĻĒেāϰেāĻ›িāϞ, āϤāĻŦু āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏেāϰ  āύ⧟āϟি āϏুāĻĒ āϤাঁāϰা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›িāϞ। āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏে āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻŽাāϞ āĻĒāϤ্āϰāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ“ āϏāĻŦ āĻ›িāϞ āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āϘāϟāύাāϟি āϘāϟে āĻ›িāϞ āϏāĻŦ āϜিāύিāϏ āϰেāĻ–ে āφāϏাāϰ āĻĒāϰে āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻāĻ• āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϏেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে ।āĻāχ āĻĻুāϟি āϘāϟāύা āĻ›া⧜া, āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻŽাāϞāĻĒāϤ্āϰ āϚুāϰি āύি⧟ে āĻ…āĻ­িāϝোāĻ— āϞেāĻ—েāχ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤো। āϚাāϞু āϰাāĻ–āϞেāĻ“ āĻāχ āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϝৌāϤিāĻ•āϤা āύি⧟ে  āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰāϏ āĻāϰ āĻŽāύেāĻ“  āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύ āĻ›িāϞ। āĻļুāϧু āĻŽাāϞ āĻĒāϤ্āϰ āϚুāϰি āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āύ⧟ , āϟিāύ āϜাāϤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ āĻ–োāϞা āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟  āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻāϰ āϚাāϰিāĻĒাāĻļে āĻĒ⧜ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āĻāĻŽāύāĻ“ āĻšāϤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāϰ āϜāϞেāϰ āϟ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ•ে āĻŽাāϟি āĻŦাঁ āĻŦাāϞি āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝেāϤ । āϜāϞāϟি āϏ্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­াāĻŦেāχ āĻĻূāώিāϤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĒাāύ āϝোāĻ—্āϝ āĻĨাāĻ•āϤো āύা ।  āĻĻু⧟াāĻ—্āϰা āύāĻĻী āĻĻি⧟ে āϝাāĻŦাāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āύāĻĻী āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ  “A”   āύাāĻŽেāϰ   āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāϟিāĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻ–া āϝেāϤ āφāϰ āĻ“āϟাāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽে āϞুāϟ āĻšāϤ। āφāϰ āĻāχ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāϟি āĻ•āĻ–āύো āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻŦāϞেāĻ“ āϜাāύা  āϝা⧟ āύি।  ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ē āϏাāϞে  āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰ āĻāχ   āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāϟিāĻ•ে āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāύ। 

āĻ–ুāĻŦāχ āĻĻুāĻ–ঃāϜāύāĻ• āĻšāϤ āϝে āĻĻুāϰ্āϘāϟāύাāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ  āϜাāĻšাāϜেāϰ āύাāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ“ āϝাāϤ্āϰীāϰা āĻ•্āϞাāύ্āϤ āĻ…āĻŦāϏāύ্āύ āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨা⧟ āĻ•াāĻ›াāĻ•াāĻ›ি āϝেāĻ•োāύো āĻāĻ•āϟি āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে  āĻĻেāĻ–āϤেāύ  āϏেāĻ–াāύে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāχ āύেāχ āĻļুāϧু āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে  āϏāĻŽুāĻĻ্āϰ, āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦাāϘ āĻ“ āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻŦāύ্āϝ āϜāύ্āϤুāϤে āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ  āĻ—āĻ­ীāϰ  āĻ—āĻšীāύ āϜāĻ™্āĻ—āϞ āφāϰ āĻ•ুāĻŽীāϰে āĻĒāϰিāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āύোāύা āϜāϞেāϰ āĻ–াāϞ āĻ›া⧜া ।  ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Ž āϏাāϞ āύাāĻ—াāĻĻ  āχ. āĻĄāĻŦ্āϞিāω. āĻĒেāϟāϞে,  āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰেāϰ āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāϞীāύ  āĻĄেāĻĒুāϟি  āĻ•āύāϜাāϰāĻ­েāϟāϰ,  ā§§ āύুāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ  āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏেāϰ   āχāύ্āϏāĻĒেāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāĻ–েāύ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏেāϰ āĻŽাāĻĨা⧟ āϞাāĻ—াāύো  āϰেāύ āĻĒাāχāĻĒ āϝেāϟি āϜāϞেāϰ āϟ্āϝাāĻ™্āĻ•েāϰ āϏাāĻĨে āϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āϏেāϟিāĻ“ āĻ•্āώāϤিāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে । āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏেāϰ āĻ“ āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻ•āϰা āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āϤিāύি āĻāχ āĻĒ্āϰāĻļ্āύāĻ“ āϤোāϞেāύ  āϝে āĻāχ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āφāĻĻৌ āφāϰ āϚাāϞাāύোāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āφāĻ›ে āĻ•িāύা । āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞেāύ āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻŽাāϤāϞা āύāĻĻীāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ ā§Ē āĻ“ ā§Ģ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāĻĻুāϟিāĻ•ে  āĻ•ে āĻŦাāύাāύো  āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāϞ āϤāĻŦুāĻ“  āĻŽাāϤāϞা āύāĻĻীāϤে āϜাāĻšাāϜ āϚāϞাāϚāϞ āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻšā§Ÿে āϝাāĻŦাāϰ  āĻĒāϰāĻ“  āϏেāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āϚাāϞাāύো  āĻšāϚ্āĻ›ে। āϤৈāϰি āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿাāϰ āĻĒāϰে  ā§Ē⧍ āĻŦāĻ›āϰে āĻāĻ—ুāϞোāĻ•ে āĻ•েāω āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›ে āĻŦāϞেāĻ“ āĻļোāύা āϝা⧟ āύি। ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Ž āϏাāϞ āĻ…āĻŦāϧি āϤিāύ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻšাāωāϏāϟি āĻ…āύ্āϤāϤ āĻĻু āĻŦাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāϞ,  āϏেāϟিāϰ  ā§§ā§Ģ āĻŽাāχāϞ āĻĒূāϰ্āĻŦ  āĻĻিāĻ•ে āϚাāϰ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻšাāωāϏāϟি āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨিāϤ । āϚাāϰ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻšাāωāϏ āϟিāĻ•ে āϝāĻĻি āϰাāĻ–াāĻ“ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻĒাঁāϚ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āĻšাāωāϏ āϟিāĻ•ে āϰাāĻ–াāϰ āĻ•োāύ āϝৌāϤিāĻ•āϤা āύেāχ। 

āχ. āĻĄāĻŦ্āϞিāω. āĻĒেāϟāϞে āĻĒ্āϰāϏ্āϤাāĻŦ āĻĻিāϞেāύ āϜāϞেāϰ āϟ্āϝাংāĻ• āĻ›া⧜া  āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ āϰāĻ–āĻŽ āϜিāύিāϏ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϰাāĻ–াāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āύেāχ। āĻāϰ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে āϤিāύি āĻŦāϞāϞেāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏেāϰ āϜিāύিāϏāĻĒāϤ্āϰāĻ—ুāϞি āϚুāϰিāχ āĻšāĻŦেāχ āφāϰ āύাāĻŦিāĻ•āϰাāĻ“ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϤ āφāĻ—ে āĻĨেāĻ•েāχ āϜাāύāĻŦে āĻ“āχ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϜāϞ āĻ›া⧜া āĻ…āύ্āϝ āĻ•োāύ  āϜিāύিāϏ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āϝাāĻŦে āύা। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤী⧟āϤ  āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāϏāύাāϰেāϰ āĻšাāϤে āĻāĻ–āύ āϝāĻĨেāώ্āϟ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāύ  āώ্āϟীāĻŽাāϰ  āφāĻ›ে āĻŦা āĻĻāϰāĻ•াāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻ­া⧜া  āĻ•āϰা āϝেāϤে  āĻĒাāϰে āϝেāĻ—ুāϞি  āύি⧟ে āĻāĻ• āĻĻে⧜  āĻĻিāύেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϤ্āϰাāĻŖ āϏাāĻšাāϝ্āϝ āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে āĻĻে⧟া āϝেāϤে āĻĒাāϰে  āĻĻুāϰāϤāĻŽ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏে । āϝāϤāĻĻূāϰ āϜাāύা āϝা⧟,  āĻĒোāϰ্āϟ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāύাāϰ  ⧧⧝ā§Ļā§­ āϏাāϞে ā§§ āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏāϟি āĻ“ ⧧⧝⧧⧍ āϏাāϞে ⧍,ā§Š āĻ“ ā§Ē āύāĻŽ্āĻŦāϰ āϰিāĻĢিāωāϜি āĻšাāωāϏ āĻ—ুāϞি āĻŦāύ্āϧ āĻ•āϰে āĻĻেāύ āĻ•াāϰāύ āĻŦāĻšুāĻĻিāύ  āĻāĻ—ুāϞো āφāϰ āĻ•েāω āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻ›িāϞ āύা । 

Information Source :
  • Administrative report of Commissioners for the Improvement for  the Port of Calcutta  1882-83 P- 35
  • The nautical magazine and naval chronicle for 1856 - a subject connected with maritime affairs Page 334 & 335.
  • Documents of 1898 at KoPT Maritime Archives  .

Article published in :
Pattan Bharati Magazine 2021-22 of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata in Hindi Language.
Mohana Magazine in 2021 of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata in Bengali Language

Jul 20, 2019

Dip into Armenian Ghat, Kolkata

Armani ghat 1734, Armenian Church, Armenian Ferry Ghat, Armenian ghat location Kolkata West Bengal, Armenian ghat street, Burraah Bazar Ghat, Colvin Ghat, Heritage Ghat of Kolkata, History of Calcutta
Superimposing Google earth image on a
Plan of Calcutta 1857by Fedrick Walter 
Simms, Con. Engr.to Gov of India
History says that Armenians in Calcutta were very numerous already in Captain Alexandar Hamilton time who spent his time from 1688 to 1723 AD in Calcutta. Armenitola in Barrabazar where initially Armenian’s stayed. Armenians mainly trades Indian Spices and Tea etc from India. They had trade agreement with East India Company. There was Armenian Tea Warehouse on Strand RoadOne of the major contribution of Armenians towards the city was Armenian Ghat. 

Armani ghat 1734, Armenian Church, Armenian Ferry Ghat, Armenian ghat location Kolkata West Bengal, Armenian ghat street, Burraah Bazar Ghat, Colvin Ghat, Heritage Ghat of Kolkata, History of Calcutta,
Detailed map of Armenian Ghat
compiled from old maps. 
Armenian Ghat on River Hooghly has a long interesting history to tell. Today peoples know Armenian ferry Ghat as Armenian Ghat though ferry ghat has hardly any connection with Armenian Ghat. Peoples may be used to call ferry ghat as Armenian Ghat.
It’s said that, originally this ghat was built by Manual Hazar Malian, an Armenian who added steeple in Armenian Church in 1734 AD. After whom this ghat known as Armenian Ghat. Location of Armenian Ghat was on Strand Road at the north side of old Motilal Seal Ghat and just south of Raja Woodmount Street. In today’s perspective, present Circular Railway line was the river bank line in that time and East Indian Railway Station was on the site of erstwhile Strand Warehouse. There was a hackney Carraige stand just beside of E.I. Railway Station at Armenian Ghat. Beside Hackney carraige Strand Armenian Bathing ghat was there. As you seen above, a map of 1858 AD superimposed with current google earth imagery, just for a comparative study in present scenario. 

Esq. John Baghshaw (1784-1861)
Courtesy Harwichabddoyercourt.co.uk 
Chandpal, Colvin’s, Police, Coila, Smithson’s, Armenian, Babee Ross’s, Burraah Bazar, New Mint and Baboo ghat is used as public ferry jetties. There is steamship service from Armenian Ghat to Ghatal.  Upto 1847 AD there was no fixed regulation, no fixed fares, and no registration of boats for public ferry. These ferry boats frequently fall in accidents being overloaded, by which great loss of life and property was sustained. The wife and elder daughter (Rebecca Baghshaw,37 years and Catharine Baghshaw,16 years respectively) of Esq. John Baghshaw (1784-1861, an East India Company Merchant and head of the firm Baghshaw & Co. of Calcutta,) drowned by the upsetting pinnace near Armenian Ghat on 19th Oct 1820. An Ayah and some Dandies are also stated to have perished by this accident. These incidents reported in The Asiatic Journal and monthly register for British India in Vol-XI Jan-June 1821. The mortal remains interred at South Park Street Burial Ground with memorial plaque.


From 15 August 1854, East India Railway Co.
East Indian Railways, Howrah Station, First train service in Eastern India
Etched on stone,
at Howrah Station
 old complex.
started railway services from, Howrah to Hooghly. From 1854 to 1874, East India Railway Co had passenger Station at Armenian Ghat from where passengers booked their tickets and fare covered the ferry to Howrah.  Passengers were ferried through the launches run by the East Indian Railways to the Howrah Station to board their train. This system of Conduit of passengers, however become dysfunctional with the commissioning of the floating Howrah Bridge on 17.10.1874. After then its landing stages used for ferry only when floating bridge opened for passage of ships. 

Kolkata side riverfront land from Chandpal Ghat to Aihiritola Ghat made over to Port Commissioners in 1874 except land of East Indian Railway Station at Armenian Ghat. Upto 1876, East Indian Railway Station area not handed over to Port Commissioners even though Port Commissioners Tramways has been laid from Baghbazar to Armenian Ghat and also inside the jetty enclosures, but the connection of the jetty with the inland wharfs and East Bengal Railway lines is barred by objection raised on the part of E.I. Railway to allow Commissioners tramways passes through the Armenian Ghat Station. Its pertinent to mention here that East India Railway Station and Armenian Ghat Station is different entity. Administration Report of 1876-77 of the ‘Commissioners for Making Improvements in the Port of Calcutta’ tells interesting facts how Armenian Ghat site, Armenian Ghat Station made over to Port Commissioners on certain terms and conditions. “When the strand bank was made over by Government, a reservation was made of that piece of land whereon the station of the East Indian Railway Company is erected and built. It was then supposed that on the construction of the Hooghly Bridge being completed, and communication thereby opened with the railway station at Howrah, that piece of land would be no longer required by the Railway Company, and would then be given up by them, In a note by Lieutenant-Colonel F. S. Taylor, Consulting Engineer to the Government of India, dated 5th February 1876, it is observed that, " on the completion and opening of the Hooghly Floating Bridge, the passenger station at Armenian Ghat was closed, but the landing-stages are still used to a limited extent, chiefly when the bridge is opened for the passage of ships." Colonel Taylor suggested that “the site be now restored to Government for transfer to the Port Trust, who can utilize it most advantageously ; " but, he stated, "the Agent and the Board of Directors are desirous of retaining it as an office for the Traffic Manager, East Indian Railway Company." Colonel Taylor was also of opinion that " the interests of the public will best be met by "leaving the landing-stage and approaches to Armenian Ghat in the hands of the East Indian Railway Company, and transferring the remainder of the site to the Port Commissioners, on condition that compensation be paid by the Commissioners to the Company for the buildings surrendered, and that the Port Commissioners construct a new approach road and remove a portion of the covered way as shown on the plan."


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Armenian Warehouse of Kolkata Port Trust
After 1874, Strand Bank land reclaimed part by part, Strand Bank Road constructed, Commissioners tram lines layed. Later Armenian Ghat site made over to Port Commissioners. A big warehouse namely Strand warehouse was constructed on the site of EI Railway station shed.  After construction of Strand Bank Road, on Riverside a warehouse was erected by the Port Commissioners which named as Armenian Warehouse. Though in 2010, Strand warehouse was gutted in a devastating fire but Armenian warehouse still exist and carries legacy of Armenian Ghat.


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Information Source:
Kolikata Darpon 1 By Radharomon Mitra
Administration Report of 1876-77 of the ‘Commissioners for Making Improvements in the Port of Calcutta’
Story of Ghaut of River Hooghly Published By Kolkata Port Trust. 
Third Report of The Committe appointed by The Right Honorablev the Govenor of Bengal..1847