Apr 5, 2020

Refuge House of Kolkata Port


It was middle of the nineteenth century. The management of the port of Calcutta in British India was then in the hands of the Marine Department of Provincial Government.  At the mouth of Sundarbans, storms and for other reasons sailing ships, steamer, country boat etc often sea wrecked. Fortunate seamens and passengers those who could able to escape from wreck, but often grabbed by tigers of densely populated forest and crocodiles of the narrow  salty creek of Sundarban.

Erstwhile Locations of Refuge Houses

 In the year of 1850, a sailing ship called Ariadan sank in the face of the Sundarbans. Then, thinking of the plight of the sailors, Captain T. E.  Rogers proposed to the provincial government for erection of some shelter to assist the sea wrecked sailors. As proposed, three shelters were erected on the face of the sea in the Sundarbans. One is on the channel creek (Baratala River), one on the Sabtermukhi river and another on the Jameera or Thakuron river. These shelters are named as Refuge House.


Around  the year 1865, the ship started to operate on the Matla River. As a result, the Marine Department proposed to build two more refuge houses, and in December of that year, the provincial government approved the proposal for refuge houses on Belchery and Bangaduni Islands. Another refuge house was erected at Preston Point of Channel Creek, as proposed by the provincial government. The location of these six refuge houses and their names were like below:

Number A is at Preston Point of Creek Channel painted White.

Number 1 is at Pitt's Point on Channel Creek painted Red

Number 2 is at the faces of the Sabtermukhi River painted White.

Number 3 is at the faces of the Jameera or Thakuron River painted Black.

Number 4 is at the Belchery Island painter White.

Number 5 is at the Bangaduni Island painted White.


Calcutta Port Commissioners was constituted on 1870 and by this time port approaches also come into the jurisdiction of Commissioners. Refuge houses as a part of port approaches came into the hands of the Port Commissioner.

Only water and a small amount of food were kept in these refuge houses during the period before 1870. Later, the following items were supplied in each of the refuge house :

1 cwt. biscuit, 3 Flannnel shirts, 3 Cloth trousers, 3 country blankets,3 pairs canvas shoes, 8 sun hats, 1 tin pot,1 tin lantern, 1 lb of candles,2 lbs of nails, 1 cold chisel, 1 hammer, 1 gimlet; 1 Flint, steel and solah for tinder; 2 boxes of matches in tin boxes, 15 ft canvas hose, 12 tin of soups (1 lb. tins)  , 1 axe, 20 fathoms 1.5 inch coir roe,1 punt, 1 paddles, 2 bamboos, 1 chart in tin case with tight fitting lid; also set of instructions in English French and Native language, 100 gallons of water in tank.


The printed instructions to the wrecked sailors was like this : "Never leave the Refuge House until no help is available. The heart of young palm tree would be found eatable grows in sufficient numbers. If searched, scurvy grass in and around house can be found and eatable if cooked.  Oyster can be found on the bed of the river and very nutritious after cooking.  You must close the lid of the water tank when leaving the Refuge House. Always be together because there are enough tigers. You will signal danger by lighting a fire with the surrounding dry wood. After each storm, a steamer is sent to visit the Refuge Houses, in case if you do not have a boat, it is better to stay in the Refuge House as long as no help is available. If there is an accident in normal weather, send the news to Mad Point, Saugor Island or Port Canning. ” And so on.


From the very beginning, from their existence, these houses were invariably looted. Though the then Lieutenant Governor of Bengal in his letter no 397 dated January 24, 1867, directed the then Inspector General of Police that the Sub Inspector of 24 Parganas inspect the refuge houses constantly during the cold season and at least once a month during monsoon. However, in 1871 the Government determined to take no measures of protection owing to be it too costly and not worth adopting.


Upto 1869, in eighteen years of their existences, sailors of accidental ships Alma on 1859, P.C. Kinch on 1865 and Jane Jack Mitchell on 1866 used refuge houses. After the Refuge Houses came into the hands of the Port Commissioner, the sailors of the ship, named Mahisur, took shelter in number 3 house in 1882. They later reported that they found nothing in refuge house except eight to ten cans of food, some biscuits and water. Again in 1893, No. 1 house sheltered the crew of French barque  Franklin and they did used nine soups of the refuge house, even though they were able to salvage good number of  food from the barque. There were even other consignments at the Refuge House, though it was only a month and  half after it was replenished . The commissioners had enough questions in their minds about the logic of running these houses. Not only the foods materials were stolen, food were left lying around the Refuge House and found the water tank filled with mud and sand. The Refuge House named A was seen from the inland steamers going into the Duagra river daily and was the first house to be looted. This Refuge House has never been used. In 1887, the Port Commissioner closed this refuge house.


It would have been very pang of disappointment for  the poor ship-wreaked seamen and passengers after reaching any of the nearby Refuge House in wet and sore, find there was nothing except the sea on one side, dense jungle with  tigers lurking around the house and creeks abounding with crocodiles. By the year 1898, E. W. Petley, the then Deputy Conservator of the Port Commissioner, inspected the Refuge House number 1 and found that a rain pipe fitted to the Refuge House, which was attached to the water tank, was damaged by the robbers. Refuge houses were also damaged. He raised the question that whether these refuge houses need to be run. He said that although the Refuge House  4 and 5 were built for the ships operate in Matla river, they were still being run after the shutdown operation in Matla river. It has not been heard that anyone has used them in the 42 years since it was created. The number 3 house was used at least twice , the number 4 house being located 4 miles east of it. Even if the number 4 house is maintained, there is no justification for maintaining house number 5.


E. W. Petley suggested that there is no need to keep any items other than water tanks in the refuge houses. Reason he said that the goods of the Refuge House would be invariably stolen as usual, and that the sailors would know at least in advance that nothing other than water could be found in those Refuge Houses. Secondly, the Port Commissioner now has enough steamers or can be rented as needed, which can be delivered relief to the nearest Refuge House within a day and a half. The Port Commissioner shut down the Refuge House 1 in 1907 and Refuge House 2, 3 & 4  in 1912 because no one was using them since long.

Estuary of  Hooghly R.

Bengali Version: 

āĻ¸āĻŽā§ŸāĻŸা āĻ‰āĻ¨āĻŦিংāĻļ āĻļāĻ¤াāĻŦ্āĻĻীāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯āĻ­াāĻ—। āĻŦ্āĻ°িāĻŸিāĻļ āĻ­াāĻ°āĻ¤ে  āĻ•āĻ˛āĻ•াāĻ¤া āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻšাāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻ­াāĻ° āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨  āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāĻ˛ীāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŽেāĻ°িāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ে । āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸ুāĻŽুāĻĻ্āĻ°āĻŽুāĻ– āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ°ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŦেāĻļ āĻĒāĻĨে  āĻā§œ āĻāĻž্āĻœাā§Ÿ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াā§Ÿ  āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ āĻ¸্āĻŸিāĻŽাāĻ°  āĻĻেāĻļি  āĻ¨ৌāĻ•ো  āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি   āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻĒā§œে । āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ°া   āĻœাāĻšাāĻœāĻĄুāĻŦি āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ“āĻŦা  āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻ¨ে āĻŦাঁāĻšāĻ›েāĻ¨, āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨েāĻ°  āĻ˛োāĻ•āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¤িāĻšীāĻ¨  āĻ˜āĻ¨ āĻœāĻ™্āĻ—āĻ˛ে āĻŦাāĻ˜, āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¤ু  āĻœাāĻ¨োā§ŸাāĻ° āĻāĻŦং āĻœāĻ˛ে āĻ•ুāĻŽিāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ–āĻĒ্āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻĒā§œāĻ›েāĻ¨ ।
 
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ļ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে ‘āĻ†āĻ°িā§ŸাāĻĻāĻ¨’ āĻ¨াāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸েāĻ˛িং āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻĄুāĻŦে āĻ¯াā§Ÿ। āĻ¤āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻœাāĻšাāĻœেāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻŦৃāĻ¨্āĻĻেāĻ° āĻĻুāĻ°াāĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ° āĻ•āĻĨা āĻšিāĻ¨্āĻ¤া āĻ•āĻ°ে,  āĻŸি. āĻ‡. āĻ°āĻœাāĻ°āĻ¸ āĻ¨াāĻŽে āĻāĻ•āĻœāĻ¨ āĻ•্āĻ¯াāĻĒ্āĻŸেāĻ¨, āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ•ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻĻেāĻ¨ āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¸āĻšাā§ŸāĻ¤াāĻ°  āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ•āĻ¤āĻ•āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি  āĻ†āĻļ্āĻ°ā§Ÿ āĻ¤ৈāĻ°ি āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšোāĻ• ।  āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦāĻŽāĻ¤ ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ¸ুāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ°āĻŦāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽুāĻĻ্āĻ° āĻŽুāĻ–ে āĻ¤িāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻ†āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•াāĻ˛ীāĻ¨ āĻ†āĻļ্āĻ°ā§Ÿ  āĻ—ā§œে āĻ¤োāĻ˛া āĻšāĻ˛ ।  āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ¨েāĻ˛ āĻ•্āĻ°িāĻ•ে (āĻŦাāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ˛া āĻ°িāĻ­াāĻ°), āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸াāĻŦāĻ¤েāĻ°āĻŽুāĻ–ি āĻ¨āĻĻীāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻœাāĻŽেāĻ°া āĻŦা  āĻĨাāĻ•ুāĻ°āĻ¨  āĻ¨āĻĻীāĻ¤ে । āĻāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻļ্āĻ°ā§ŸāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ° āĻĒোāĻļাāĻ•ি  āĻ¨াāĻŽ āĻĻেāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ ।   
  
ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§Ŧ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ āĻŦা āĻ“āĻ° āĻ•াāĻ›াāĻ•াāĻ›ি āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿে āĻŽাāĻ¤āĻ˛া āĻ¨āĻĻীāĻ¤ে āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ āĻšāĻ˛াāĻšāĻ˛ āĻļুāĻ°ু āĻšāĻ˛ ।  āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻļ্āĻ°ুāĻ¤িāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻ° āĻĻুāĻŸো āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ā§œে āĻ¤োāĻ˛াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻŽেāĻ°িāĻ¨ āĻĄিāĻĒাāĻ°āĻŽেāĻ¨্āĻŸ  āĻĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĄিāĻ¸েāĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ¸ে āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻŦেāĻ˛āĻšেāĻ°ি  āĻ“ āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻĻুāĻ¨ি āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒে āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻŽāĻž্āĻœুāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ˛েāĻ¨। āĻ†āĻŦাāĻ° ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§¯ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ°  āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ¨েāĻ˛ āĻ•্āĻ°িāĻ•েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻ¸্āĻŸāĻ¨  āĻĒā§ŸেāĻ¨্āĻŸে āĻ†āĻ°েāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ā§œে āĻ¤োāĻ˛া āĻšāĻ˛ । āĻāĻ‡ āĻ›ā§ŸāĻŸি  āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি  āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸েāĻ° āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¨ āĻ“ āĻ¤াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŽ āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি āĻ›িāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻ–āĻŽঃ

āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° “A”  āĻ¸াāĻĻা āĻ°āĻ™েāĻ° āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸  āĻ•্āĻ°িāĻ• āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ¨েāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°েāĻ¸্āĻŸāĻ¨  āĻĒā§ŸেāĻ¨্āĻŸে  
āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° “ā§§”  āĻ˛াāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ™েāĻ° āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸  āĻš্āĻ¯াāĻ¨েāĻ˛ āĻ•্āĻ°িāĻ•েāĻ° āĻĒিāĻŸ’āĻ¸  āĻĒā§ŸেāĻ¨্āĻŸে 
āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° “ā§¨”  āĻ¸াāĻĻা āĻ°āĻ™েāĻ° āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸  āĻ¸াāĻŦāĻ¤েāĻ°āĻŽুāĻ–ি āĻ¨āĻĻী āĻŽুāĻ–ে 
āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° ā§Š” āĻ•াāĻ˛ো  āĻ°āĻ™েāĻ° āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸  āĻœুāĻŽেāĻ°া āĻŦাঁ āĻĨাāĻ•ুāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻĻী  āĻŽুāĻ–ে
āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° “ā§Ē” āĻ¸াāĻĻা āĻ°āĻ™েāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŽেāĻ°  āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸  āĻŦেāĻ˛āĻšেāĻ°ি āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒে
āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° “ā§Ģ” āĻ¸াāĻĻা āĻ°āĻ™েāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŽেāĻ°  āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻŦাāĻ™্āĻ—াāĻĻুāĻ¨ি āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒে 

ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§Ļ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ†āĻ‡āĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°িāĻšাāĻ˛āĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ­াāĻ° āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻŽেāĻ°িāĻ¨ āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāĻ° āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻ¤ুāĻ˛ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻšā§Ÿ āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ে । āĻ†āĻ° āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻāĻĒ্āĻ°āĻš āĻ…āĻ°্āĻĨাā§Ž āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻĻāĻ°ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻŦেāĻļেāĻ° āĻ¨āĻĻী āĻĒāĻĨেāĻ° āĻĻাā§ŸিāĻ¤্āĻŦ ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§§-ā§Žā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻĒ্āĻ°াāĻĻেāĻļিāĻ• āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻĨেāĻ•ে  āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ে āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿ। āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ™্āĻ—ে āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি, āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻāĻĒ্āĻ°āĻšেāĻ° āĻ…āĻ™্āĻ— āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻ¸ে ।
   
ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§§-ā§Žā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ¤āĻĨ্āĻ¯ āĻ…āĻ¨ুāĻ¯াā§Ÿী , ā§§ā§Žā§Ģā§¯ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ ‘āĻ†āĻ˛ āĻŽা’, ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ģ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ ‘āĻĒি āĻ¸ি āĻ•িāĻž্āĻ›’ āĻ“ ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§Ŧ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে  āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ ‘āĻœāĻ¨ āĻœাঁāĻ• āĻŽিāĻļেāĻ˛’ āĻāĻ°  āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ°া āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি  āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›িāĻ˛েāĻ¨ ।

āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻ†āĻ—ে āĻ…āĻŦāĻ§ি āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻœাāĻšাāĻœেāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻĻেāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯  āĻāĻ‡ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻļুāĻ§ুāĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ…āĻ˛্āĻĒ āĻĒাāĻ‰āĻ°ুāĻŸি āĻ°াāĻ–া āĻšāĻ¤। āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻ°াāĻ–া āĻšāĻ¤  āĻšাāĻ°āĻŸি āĻŸিāĻ¨ āĻ­āĻ°্āĻ¤ি ā§Ģā§§ āĻ•িāĻ˛ো  āĻŦিāĻ¸্āĻ•ুāĻŸ, āĻ¤িāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻĒāĻļāĻŽী āĻœাāĻŽা, āĻ¤িāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻĒ্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻŸ, āĻ¤িāĻ¨āĻŸি āĻĻেāĻļি āĻ•āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ˛, āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻœোā§œা āĻ•্āĻ¯াāĻ¨āĻ­াāĻ¸ āĻœুāĻ¤া, āĻ†āĻŸāĻŸি āĻ°োāĻĻ āĻŸুāĻĒি, āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻŸিāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•ৌāĻŸো,āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻŸিāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ˛āĻ¨্āĻ āĻ¨,āĻāĻ• āĻĒাāĻ‰āĻ¨্āĻĄ āĻŽোāĻŽāĻŦাāĻ¤ি , āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻĒাāĻ‰āĻ¨্āĻĄ āĻĒেāĻ°েāĻ•, āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ›েāĻ¨ি, āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻšাāĻ¤ুā§œি, āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¤ুāĻ°āĻĒুāĻ¨, āĻšāĻ•āĻŽāĻ•ি āĻĒাāĻĨāĻ°  āĻ¸্āĻŸিāĻ˛ āĻļোāĻ˛া āĻļুāĻˇ্āĻ• āĻ–āĻĄ়āĻ•ুāĻŸা , āĻŸিāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•ৌāĻŸো āĻ¤ে āĻĻুāĻ‡ āĻŦাāĻ•্āĻ¸ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ˛াāĻ‡ ,ā§§ā§Ģ āĻĢুāĻŸেāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ¨āĻ­াāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¸ āĻĒাāĻ‡āĻĒ, āĻāĻ• āĻĒাāĻ‰āĻ¨্āĻĄ āĻ“āĻœāĻ¨েāĻ° ā§§ā§¨āĻŸি āĻŸিāĻ¨ে āĻ¸ুāĻĒ , āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ•ুāĻ াāĻ° , ā§Šā§­ āĻŽিāĻŸাāĻ° āĻ˛āĻŽ্āĻŦা āĻĻেā§œ āĻ‡āĻž্āĻšিāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻ°āĻ•োāĻ˛ āĻĻā§œি, āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ›োāĻŸ āĻ¨ৌāĻ•ো , āĻĻুāĻŸি āĻĻাঁā§œ, āĻĻুāĻŸি āĻŦাঁāĻļ , āĻ‡ংāĻ°াāĻœি āĻĢāĻ°াāĻ¸ি āĻ“ āĻĻেāĻļীā§Ÿ āĻ­াāĻˇাā§Ÿ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻŸিāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻ•ৌāĻŸোāĻ¤ে āĻŽ্āĻ¯াāĻĒ , āĻŸ্āĻ¯াāĻ™্āĻ•ে  ā§§ā§Ļā§Ļ āĻ—্āĻ¯াāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻœāĻ˛।  āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻĻেāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļāĻŸি āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ¤ো āĻāĻ°āĻ–āĻŽ “ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨া āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻ¯্āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ে āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাāĻ¤েāĻ‡  āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ›েā§œে  āĻ¯াāĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻ¨া, āĻ›োāĻŸ āĻ¤াāĻ˛ āĻ—াāĻ›েāĻ° āĻ¨āĻ°āĻŽ āĻ•াāĻŖ্āĻĄ āĻ–াāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¯েāĻŸা   āĻšাāĻ°িāĻĒাāĻļে  āĻ¯āĻĨেāĻˇ্āĻŸ  āĻ¸ংāĻ–্āĻ¯াā§Ÿ  āĻĒাāĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦং āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ›েā§œে āĻšāĻ˛ে āĻ¯াāĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ  āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āĻ¯āĻ‡  āĻœāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŸ্āĻ¯াāĻ™্āĻ•েāĻ°  āĻĸাāĻ•āĻ¨াāĻŸা  āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ¯াāĻŦেāĻ¨ ।  āĻ¸āĻ°্āĻŦāĻĻা  āĻāĻ•āĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻĨাāĻ•āĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨āĻ‡ āĻ•াāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻĨেāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻ¸ংāĻ–্āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻŦাāĻ˜ āĻ†āĻ›ে। āĻ†āĻļেāĻĒাāĻļেāĻ° āĻļুāĻ•āĻ¨ো āĻ•াāĻ  āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ†āĻ—ুāĻ¨ āĻœ্āĻŦাāĻ˛িā§Ÿে āĻŦিāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¸ংāĻ•েāĻ¤ āĻĻেāĻŦেāĻ¨। āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤্āĻ¯েāĻ• āĻā§œ āĻāĻž্āĻœাāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ¸্āĻŸিāĻŽাāĻ° āĻĒাāĻ াāĻ¨ো āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻ˜ুāĻ°ে āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯, āĻ¸েāĻ•্āĻˇেāĻ¤্āĻ°ে āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ†āĻĒāĻ¨াāĻĻেāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻ¨ৌāĻ•ো āĻ¨া āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨া āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻ¯্āĻ¯ āĻ†āĻ¸āĻ›ে āĻ¤āĻ¤āĻ•্āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ে āĻĨাāĻ•াāĻ‡ āĻ­াāĻ˛ো ।  āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ†āĻŦāĻšাāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ¤ে āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨া āĻ˜āĻŸে āĻ¤াāĻšāĻ˛ে āĻŽাāĻĄ āĻĒā§ŸেāĻ¨্āĻŸ, āĻ¸াāĻ—āĻ° āĻĻ্āĻŦীāĻĒ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦা āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•্āĻ¯াāĻ¨িং āĻ āĻ–āĻŦāĻ° āĻĒাāĻ াāĻ¨।“ āĻāĻŦং āĻ‡āĻ¤্āĻ¯াāĻĻি ।

ā§§ā§Žā§Ŧā§­ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে  āĻŦাংāĻ˛াāĻ° āĻ˛েāĻĢāĻŸেāĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻŸ  āĻ—āĻ­āĻ°্āĻ¨āĻ°  ā§¨ā§ĒāĻ¸ে āĻœাāĻ¨ুā§ŸাāĻ°ী āĻ¤াঁāĻ°  ā§Šā§¯ā§­ āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻšিāĻ িāĻ¤ে  āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāĻ˛ীāĻ¨ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻĒেāĻ•্āĻŸāĻ° āĻœেāĻ¨েāĻ°াāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻĒুāĻ˛িāĻļ āĻ•ে āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻĻেāĻ¨ āĻ¯ে ā§¨ā§Ē āĻĒাāĻ°āĻ—āĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻŦ āĻ‡āĻ¨āĻ¸্āĻĒেāĻ•্āĻŸāĻ°  āĻļীāĻ¤āĻ•াāĻ˛ে āĻ…āĻ¨āĻŦāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻ°্āĻˇাāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¤্āĻ¯েāĻ• āĻŽাāĻ¸ে āĻ‡āĻ¨্āĻ¸āĻĒেāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨  āĻ•āĻ°āĻŦেāĻ¨ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে। āĻ¯াāĻ‡āĻšোāĻ• ā§§ā§Žā§­ā§§ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে  āĻ¸āĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ¨িāĻ°্āĻĻেāĻļ āĻ¤ুāĻ˛ে āĻ¨িāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻŦ্āĻ¯ā§ŸāĻŦāĻšুāĻ˛āĻ¤াāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ“ āĻ¯ৌāĻ¤িāĻ•āĻ¤াāĻšীāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ ।

āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি āĻšাāĻ˛ু āĻšāĻŦাāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻāĻ•āĻŸা āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸্āĻ¯া āĻ˛েāĻ—েāĻ‡ āĻ›িāĻ˛। āĻ…āĻŦāĻļ্āĻ¯āĻŽ্āĻ­াāĻŦী āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻœিāĻ¨িāĻ¸āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻ˛ুāĻŸ āĻšāĻ“ā§Ÿা । āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ে āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে ‘āĻŽāĻšিāĻ¸ুāĻ°’ āĻ¨াāĻŽে āĻœাāĻšাāĻœেāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ°  āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ে āĻ†āĻļ্āĻ°ā§Ÿ āĻ¨েā§Ÿ, āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻ˛িāĻ–িāĻ¤ āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻœাāĻ¨াā§Ÿ āĻ¯ে āĻ†āĻŸ āĻĻāĻļāĻŸি āĻŸিāĻ¨āĻœাāĻ¤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāĻ°, āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻŦিāĻ¸্āĻ•ুāĻŸ āĻ“ āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ›াā§œা āĻ†āĻ° āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻ‡ āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ে āĻ›িāĻ˛ āĻ¨া। āĻ†āĻŦাāĻ° ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Š āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে āĻ¯āĻ–āĻ¨ āĻĢāĻ°াāĻ¸ি āĻŦাāĻ°āĻ•িāĻ‰ āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ ‘āĻĢ্āĻ°াāĻ™্āĻ•āĻ˛িāĻ¨’ āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻ•āĻŦāĻ˛ে āĻĒā§œāĻ˛ো, āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ“ āĻ¤াāĻ°া āĻĄাāĻ™্āĻ—াā§Ÿ āĻ­াāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻ–āĻŽেāĻ° āĻ–াāĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ¯েāĻ¤ে  āĻĒেāĻ°েāĻ›িāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻŦু āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸েāĻ°  āĻ¨ā§ŸāĻŸি āĻ¸ুāĻĒ āĻ¤াঁāĻ°া āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›িāĻ˛। āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ি āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ে āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻŽাāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ“ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻ›িāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ“ āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻŸি āĻ˜āĻŸে āĻ›িāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻœিāĻ¨িāĻ¸ āĻ°েāĻ–ে āĻ†āĻ¸াāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে āĻŽাāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻāĻ• āĻĻেāĻ° āĻŽাāĻ¸েāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে ।āĻāĻ‡ āĻĻুāĻŸি āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨া āĻ›াā§œা, āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻŽাāĻ˛āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻšুāĻ°ি āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻ…āĻ­িāĻ¯োāĻ— āĻ˛েāĻ—েāĻ‡ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ¤ো। āĻšাāĻ˛ু āĻ°াāĻ–āĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻāĻ‡ āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ° āĻ¯ৌāĻ¤িāĻ•āĻ¤া āĻ¨িā§Ÿে  āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨েāĻ“  āĻ¯āĻĨেāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨ āĻ›িāĻ˛। āĻļুāĻ§ু āĻŽাāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ° āĻšুāĻ°ি āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ¯াāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ¨ā§Ÿ , āĻŸিāĻ¨ āĻœাāĻ¤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāĻ° āĻ–োāĻ˛া āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাā§Ÿ  āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻāĻ° āĻšাāĻ°িāĻĒাāĻļে āĻĒā§œে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ•ি āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻ“ āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ–াāĻŦাāĻ° āĻœāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŸ্āĻ¯াāĻ™্āĻ•ে āĻŽাāĻŸি āĻŦাঁ āĻŦাāĻ˛ি āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ¯েāĻ¤ । āĻœāĻ˛āĻŸি āĻ¸্āĻŦাāĻ­াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ­াāĻŦেāĻ‡ āĻĻূāĻˇিāĻ¤ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻĒাāĻ¨ āĻ¯োāĻ—্āĻ¯ āĻĨাāĻ•āĻ¤ো āĻ¨া ।  āĻĻুā§ŸাāĻ—্āĻ°া āĻ¨āĻĻী āĻĻিā§Ÿে āĻ¯াāĻŦাāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ¨āĻĻী āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ‡  “A”   āĻ¨াāĻŽেāĻ°   āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻĻেāĻ–া āĻ¯েāĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ“āĻŸাāĻ‡ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽে āĻ˛ুāĻŸ āĻšāĻ¤। āĻ†āĻ° āĻāĻ‡ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻŸি āĻ•āĻ–āĻ¨ো āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻœাāĻ¨া  āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¨ি।  ā§§ā§Žā§Žā§Ē āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে  āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ° āĻāĻ‡   āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেāĻ¨। 

āĻ–ুāĻŦāĻ‡ āĻĻুāĻ–ঃāĻœāĻ¨āĻ• āĻšāĻ¤ āĻ¯ে āĻĻুāĻ°্āĻ˜āĻŸāĻ¨াāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤  āĻœাāĻšাāĻœেāĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ• āĻ“ āĻ¯াāĻ¤্āĻ°ীāĻ°া āĻ•্āĻ˛াāĻ¨্āĻ¤ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ¨্āĻ¨ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻ•াāĻ›াāĻ•াāĻ›ি āĻ¯েāĻ•োāĻ¨ো āĻāĻ•āĻŸি āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে  āĻĻেāĻ–āĻ¤েāĻ¨  āĻ¸েāĻ–াāĻ¨ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāĻ‡ āĻ¨েāĻ‡ āĻļুāĻ§ু āĻāĻ•āĻĻিāĻ•ে  āĻ¸āĻŽুāĻĻ্āĻ°, āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ˜ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯াāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¤ুāĻ¤ে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ  āĻ—āĻ­ীāĻ°  āĻ—āĻšীāĻ¨ āĻœāĻ™্āĻ—āĻ˛ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ•ুāĻŽীāĻ°ে āĻĒāĻ°িāĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŖ āĻ¨োāĻ¨া āĻœāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻ–াāĻ˛ āĻ›াā§œা ।  ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Ž āĻ¸াāĻ˛ āĻ¨াāĻ—াāĻĻ  āĻ‡. āĻĄāĻŦ্āĻ˛িāĻ‰. āĻĒেāĻŸāĻ˛ে,  āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻ¤ā§ŽāĻ•াāĻ˛ীāĻ¨  āĻĄেāĻĒুāĻŸি  āĻ•āĻ¨āĻœাāĻ°āĻ­েāĻŸāĻ°,  ā§§ āĻ¨ুāĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ°  āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸েāĻ°   āĻ‡āĻ¨্āĻ¸āĻĒেāĻ•āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেāĻ–েāĻ¨ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸েāĻ° āĻŽাāĻĨাā§Ÿ āĻ˛াāĻ—াāĻ¨ো  āĻ°েāĻ¨ āĻĒাāĻ‡āĻĒ āĻ¯েāĻŸি āĻœāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŸ্āĻ¯াāĻ™্āĻ•েāĻ° āĻ¸াāĻĨে āĻ¯ুāĻ•্āĻ¤ āĻĨাāĻ•ে āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ“ āĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤িāĻ—্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤ āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে । āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸েāĻ° āĻ“ āĻ•্āĻˇāĻ¤ি āĻ•āĻ°া āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›ে। āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻāĻ‡ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻļ্āĻ¨āĻ“ āĻ¤োāĻ˛েāĻ¨  āĻ¯ে āĻāĻ‡ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻ†āĻĻৌ āĻ†āĻ° āĻšাāĻ˛াāĻ¨োāĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ†āĻ›ে āĻ•িāĻ¨া । āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻĻিāĻ“ āĻŽাāĻ¤āĻ˛া āĻ¨āĻĻীāĻ° āĻœāĻ¨্āĻ¯ ā§Ē āĻ“ ā§Ģ āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻĻুāĻŸিāĻ•ে  āĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ¨াāĻ¨ো  āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻŦুāĻ“  āĻŽাāĻ¤āĻ˛া āĻ¨āĻĻীāĻ¤ে āĻœাāĻšাāĻœ āĻšāĻ˛াāĻšāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ āĻšā§Ÿে āĻ¯াāĻŦাāĻ°  āĻĒāĻ°āĻ“  āĻ¸েāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻšাāĻ˛াāĻ¨ো  āĻšāĻš্āĻ›ে। āĻ¤ৈāĻ°ি āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸাāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ে  ā§Ēā§¨ āĻŦāĻ›āĻ°ে āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛োāĻ•ে āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°েāĻ›ে āĻŦāĻ˛েāĻ“ āĻļোāĻ¨া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ āĻ¨ি। ā§§ā§Žā§¯ā§Ž āĻ¸াāĻ˛ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ§ি āĻ¤িāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻŸি āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻĻু āĻŦাāĻ° āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻšā§ŸেāĻ›িāĻ˛,  āĻ¸েāĻŸিāĻ°  ā§§ā§Ģ āĻŽাāĻ‡āĻ˛ āĻĒূāĻ°্āĻŦ  āĻĻিāĻ•ে āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻŸি āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸্āĻĨিāĻ¤ । āĻšাāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻ¯āĻĻি āĻ°াāĻ–াāĻ“ āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻĒাঁāĻš āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻŸিāĻ•ে āĻ°াāĻ–াāĻ° āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ¯ৌāĻ¤িāĻ•āĻ¤া āĻ¨েāĻ‡। 

āĻ‡. āĻĄāĻŦ্āĻ˛িāĻ‰. āĻĒেāĻŸāĻ˛ে āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻ¸্āĻ¤াāĻŦ āĻĻিāĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻœāĻ˛েāĻ° āĻŸ্āĻ¯াংāĻ• āĻ›াā§œা  āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ•োāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ–āĻŽ āĻœিāĻ¨িāĻ¸ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻ°াāĻ–াāĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻ¨েāĻ‡। āĻāĻ° āĻ•াāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻšিāĻ¸াāĻŦে āĻ¤িāĻ¨ি āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ˛েāĻ¨ āĻĒ্āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸েāĻ° āĻœিāĻ¨িāĻ¸āĻĒāĻ¤্āĻ°āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি āĻšুāĻ°িāĻ‡ āĻšāĻŦেāĻ‡ āĻ†āĻ° āĻ¨াāĻŦিāĻ•āĻ°াāĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻ†āĻ—ে āĻĨেāĻ•েāĻ‡ āĻœাāĻ¨āĻŦে āĻ“āĻ‡ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻ—ুāĻ˛িāĻ¤ে āĻœāĻ˛ āĻ›াā§œা āĻ…āĻ¨্āĻ¯ āĻ•োāĻ¨  āĻœিāĻ¨িāĻ¸ āĻĒাāĻ“ā§Ÿা āĻ¯াāĻŦে āĻ¨া। āĻĻ্āĻŦিāĻ¤ীā§ŸāĻ¤  āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻ¸āĻ¨াāĻ°েāĻ° āĻšাāĻ¤ে āĻāĻ–āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻĨেāĻˇ্āĻŸ āĻĒāĻ°িāĻŽাāĻ¨  āĻˇ্āĻŸীāĻŽাāĻ°  āĻ†āĻ›ে āĻŦা āĻĻāĻ°āĻ•াāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ­াā§œা  āĻ•āĻ°া āĻ¯েāĻ¤ে  āĻĒাāĻ°ে āĻ¯েāĻ—ুāĻ˛ি  āĻ¨িā§Ÿে āĻāĻ• āĻĻেā§œ  āĻĻিāĻ¨েāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§্āĻ¯ে āĻ¤্āĻ°াāĻŖ āĻ¸াāĻšাāĻ¯্āĻ¯ āĻĒৌঁāĻ›ে āĻĻেā§Ÿা āĻ¯েāĻ¤ে āĻĒাāĻ°ে  āĻĻুāĻ°āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ে । āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻĻূāĻ° āĻœাāĻ¨া āĻ¯াā§Ÿ,  āĻĒোāĻ°্āĻŸ āĻ•āĻŽিāĻļāĻ¨াāĻ°  ā§§ā§¯ā§Ļā§­ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে ā§§ āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸āĻŸি āĻ“ ā§§ā§¯ā§§ā§¨ āĻ¸াāĻ˛ে ā§¨,ā§Š āĻ“ ā§Ē āĻ¨āĻŽ্āĻŦāĻ° āĻ°িāĻĢিāĻ‰āĻœি āĻšাāĻ‰āĻ¸ āĻ—ুāĻ˛ি āĻŦāĻ¨্āĻ§ āĻ•āĻ°ে āĻĻেāĻ¨ āĻ•াāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšুāĻĻিāĻ¨  āĻāĻ—ুāĻ˛ো āĻ†āĻ° āĻ•েāĻ‰ āĻŦ্āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšাāĻ° āĻ•āĻ°āĻ›িāĻ˛ āĻ¨া । 

Information Source :
  • Administrative report of Commissioners for the Improvement for  the Port of Calcutta  1882-83 P- 35
  • The nautical magazine and naval chronicle for 1856 - a subject connected with maritime affairs Page 334 & 335.
  • Documents of 1898 at KoPT Maritime Archives  .

Article published in :
Pattan Bharati Magazine 2021-22 of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata in Hindi Language.
Mohana Magazine in 2021 of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata in Bengali Language

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